Table 4.
Univariate analysis of the risk factors for mortality.
| Variable | N (%) | Alive = 36 | Death = 33 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 57 (82.6%) | 31 (86.1%) | 26 (78.8%) | 0.423 |
| Age (median, IQR) | 58 (IQR 20–75) | 55 (20–75) | 61 (27–69) | 0.416 |
| Body mass index > 25 | 33 (47.8) | 14 (38.9%) | 19 (57.6%) | 0.12 |
| Underlying condition | ||||
| Cardiac disease | 52 (75.4%) | 25 (69.4%) | 27 (81.8%) | 0.23 |
| Pulmonary disease | 8 (11.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | 4 (12.1%) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (26.1%) | 11 (30.6%) | 7 (21.2%) | 0.37 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Chronic kidney insufficiency | 8 (11.6%) | 3 (8.3%) | 5 (15.2%) | 0.466 |
| Chronic renal replacement | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Immunosuppression | 16 (10.1%) | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.70 |
| HIV infection | 0 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Solid organ tumor under CT | 0 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Hematol. neoplasia/HSCT (<5 yrs) | 3 (4.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | 1 (3.0%) | 1.00 |
| Solid organ transplant | 2 (2.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (3.0%) | 1.00 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy/CCS * | 6 (8.7%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.41 |
| Autoimmune disease | 5 (7.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (6.1%) | 1.00 |
| ECMO indication | ||||
| Cardiocirculatory failure | 60 (87.0%) | 35 (97.2%) | 25 (75.8%) | 0.008 |
| As bridge to heart Tx | 9 (13%) | 9 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory failure | 4 (5.8%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.047 |
| Cardiorespiratory failure | 5 (7.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.18 |
| Type of cannulation | ||||
| Veno-venous | 2 (2.9%) | 0 | 2 (6.7%) | 0.18 |
| Venous artery | 66 (95.7%) | 38 (97.4%) | 28 (93.3%) | 0.57 |
| Other | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Femoral cannulation | 66 (95.7%) | 39 (100%) | 27 (90%) | 0.70 |
| Days on ECMO | 6 (5–35) | 6 (2–26) | 7 (2–35) | 0.14 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 6 (8.7%) | 1(2.8%) | 5(15.2%) | 0.097 |
| Days of MV before ECMO | 1 (1–20) | 1 (1–6) | 1 (1–20) | 0.28 |
| Total days of MV | 1 (1–2.7) | 1 (1–6) | 1 (1–20) | 0.28 |
| SOFA score | 8 (2–17) | 7.5 (2–13) | 9 (13–17) | 0.051 |
| Charlson score | 3 (0–7) | 2 (0–6) | 3 (0–7) | 0.14 |
| Colonization before ECMO | 21 (30.4%) | 10 (27.8%) | 11 (33.3%) | 0.61 |
| MDR colonization | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.0%) | 0.47 |
| Infections due to the same microorganisms during ECMO | 0 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| ECMO cannula colonization | 2 (2.9%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.49 |
| Microorganism | ||||
| Propionibacterium | 1 (1.4%) | |||
| Enterobacter cloacae | 1 (1.4%) | |||
| Other VAD requirement | 4 (5.8%) | |||
| Antibiotics > 24 h before ECMO | 6 (8.7%) | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.41 |
| Adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy | 12 (17.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (18.2%) | 0.86 |
| Endpoints | ||||
| Length of in-hospital stay | 20 (4–411) | 36 (9–411) | 14 (4–78) | 0.01 |
| Length of CICU stay | 14 (2–405) | 15 (5–405) | 12 (2–49) | 0.15 |
| Mayor surgery before ECMO | 4 (5.8%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.1%) | 0.34 |
| BSI or VAP related mortality | 5 (7.2%) | – | – | – |
| Mortality after ECMO weaning | 28 (40.6%) | – | – | – |
| In-hospital mortality | 33 (47.8%) | – | – | – |
CT: chemotherapy; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplant; Tx: transplant; CCS: chronic corticosteroid therapy; MV: mechanical ventilation; CICU: cardiac intensive care unit; VAD: ventricular assist device.