Table 5.
Rate of seropositivity among Healthcare workers in different countries worldwide.
| Study | City/Country | Year of data collection | Sample size (N) | Setting | Seropositive rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moscola et al, 2020[12] | New York, USA | 2020 | 40329 | Primary care facilities and hospitals | 13.7 |
| Jeremias et al, 2020[7] | New York/USA | 2020 | 1699 | Hospitals | 9.8 |
| Houlihan et al, 2020[3] | London/UK | 2020 | 181 | Hospitals | 45 |
| Poulikakos et al, 2020[20] | England/UK | 2020 | 281 | Hospitals | 6 |
| Steensels et al, 2020[21] | Genk/Belgium | 2020 | 3056 | Hospitals | 6 |
| Blairon et al, 2020[22] | Brussels/Belgium | 2020 | 1485 | Hospitals | 14.6 |
| Pallett et al, 2020[23] | London/UK | 2020 | 6440 | Hospitals | 18 |
| Korth et al, 2020[24] | Essen/Germany | 2020 | 316 | Hospitals | 1.6 |
| Martin et al, 2020[25] | Brussels/Belgium | 2020 | 326 | Hospitals | 11 |
| Amendola et al, 2020[26] | Milan/Italy | 2020 | 547 | Hospitals | 5 |
| Self et al, 2020[9] | USA | 2020 | 3248 | Hospitals | 6 |
| Grant et al, 2020[17] | London/UK | 2020 | 2004 | Primary care facilities and hospitals | 31 |
| Mughal et al, 2020[8] | New Jersey/USA | 2020 | 121 | Hospitals | 8 |
| Hunter et al, 2020[27] | Indiana/USA | 2020 | 690 | Hospitals | 1.4 |
| Plebani et al, 2020[28] | Veneto Region/ Italy | 2020 | 8285 | Primary care facilities and hospitals | 4.6 |
| Mansour et al, 2020[11] | New York/ USA | 2020 | 285 | Hospitals | 35 |
| Sotgiu et al, 2020[19] | Milan/Italy | 2020 | 202 | Hospitals | 14 |
| Garcia-Basteiro et al, 2020[29] | Barcelona/Spain | 2020 | 578 | Hospitals | 9 |
| Sydney et al, 2020[13] | New York/USA | 2020 | 1700 | Hospitals | 19 |
| Khalil et al, 2020[30] | London/UK | 2020 | 190 | Hospitals | 21 |
| Stubblefield et al, 2021[10] | Tennessee/USA | 2020 | 249 | Hospitals | 7.6 |
| Lackermair et al, 2020 | Bavaria/Germany | 2020 | 151 | Primary care facilities | 2.6 |
| Paderno et al, 2020[32] | Brescia/Italy | 2020 | 58 | Hospitals | 8.6 |
| Kassem et al, 2020[33] | Cairo/Egypt | 2020 | 74 | Hospitals | 12 |
| Olalla et al, 2020[34] | Marbella/Spain | 2020 | 498 | Hospitals | 1.8 |
| Iversen et al, 2020[16] | Denmark | 2020 | 28792 | Hospitals | 4 |
| Hains et al, 2020[35] | Indiana/USA | 2020 | 25 | Hospitals | 44 |
| Solodky et al, 2020[36] | Lyon/France | 2020 | 244 | Hospitals | 5 |
| Behrens et al, 2020[37] | Hannover/Germany | 2020 | 217 | Hospitals | 1.4 |
| Brandstetter et al, 2020[38] | Regensburh/Germany | 2020 | 201 | Hospitals | 10.9 |
| Fusco et al, 2020[39] | Naples/Italy | 2020 | 115 | Hospitals | 0.9 |
| Lahner et al, 2020[40] | Rome/Italy | 2020 | 2115 | Hospitals | 0.4 |
| Schmidt et al, 2020[41] | Hessisch Oldendorf/ Germany | 2020 | 406 | Hospitals | 2.9 |
| Xu et al, 2020[42] | China | 2020 | 4384 | Hospitals | 1.8 |
| Zhao et al, 2020[43] | Beijing/China | 2020 | 276 | Hospitals | 10 |
| Barallat et al, 2020[44] | Barcelona/ Spain | 2020 | 7563 | Primary care facilities and hospitals | 10 |
| Kammon et al, 2020[45] | Alzintan/Libya | 2020 | 77 | Hospitals | 0.6 |
| Xiong et al, 2020[46] | Wuhan. China | 2020 | 797 | Hospitals | 4.4 |
| Galán et al, 2020[47] | Madrid/Spain | 2020 | 2590 | Hospitals | 31.6 |
| Nakamura et al, 2021[48] | Iwate/Japan | 2020 | 1000 | Hospitals | 0.4 |
| Psichogiou et al, 2020[49] | Athens/Greece | 2020 | 1495 | Hospitals | 1 |
| Chibwana et al, 2020[50] | Blantyre/Malawi | 2020 | 500 | Hospitals | 16.8 |
| Tosato et al, 2020[51] | Padova/Italy | 2020 | 133 | Hospitals | 4.5 |
| Paradiso et al, 2021[52] | Bari/Italy | 2020 | 606 | Hospitals | 1.2 |
| Fujita et al, 2020[53] | Kyoto/Japan | 2020 | 92 | Hospitals | 5.4 |
| Sikora et al, 2020[54] | UK | 2020 | 161 | Cancer centers | 7.5 |
| Rudberg et al, 2020[18] | Stockholm/Sweden | 2020 | 410 | Hospitals | 19 |
| Shields et al, 2020[55] | Birmingham/UK | 2020 | 516 | Hospitals | 24 |
| Takita et al, 2020[56] | Tokyo/Japan | 2020 | 55 | Primary care facilities | 9 |
| Eyre et al, 2020[57] | UK | 2020 | 9958 | 10.7 | |
| Lidstrom et al, 2020[58] | Sweden | 2020 | 8679 | 6.6 | |
| Jones et al, 2021[59] | UK | 2020 | 6858 | 9.3 | |
| Calcagno et al, 2021[60] | Italy | 2020 | 5444 | 6.9 | |
| Delmas et al, 2021[61] | France | 2020 | 4600 | 11.5 | |
| De Carlo et al, 2020[4] | Italy | 2020 | 3242 | 1.9 | |
| Brant-Zawadzki et al, 2020[62] | USA | 2020 | 2932 | 1.1 | |
| Racine-Brzostek et al, 2020[63] | USA | 2020 | 2274 | 35.4 | |
| Dimcheff et al, 2020[64] | USA | 2020 | 1476 | 4.9 | |
| Papasavas et al, 2021[6] | Connecticut/USA | 2020 | 6863 | 6.3 | |
| Mostafa et al, 2021[65] | Cairo/Egypt | 2020 | 4040 | University healthcare facilities | 4.4 |
| Nicholson et al, 2021[66] | San Diego/USA | 2020 | 11993 | Hospitals | 0.94 |
| Lumley et al, 2021[1] | UK | 2020 | 12541 | Hospitals | 10 |