Table 1.

Roles of actors in the Canada pandemic response.

	Actor	Role in Communicating the COVID-19 Vaccination Response
Federal actors	National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) [20]	-Offered recommendations in Canada for the use of and prioritization of COVID-19 vaccines.
	Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) [21]	-Provided information to healthcare professionals and the public on vaccination, gave community engagement funding through the Immunization Partnership Fund [22] and managed the Canadian Adverse Events Following Immunization Surveillance System (CAEFISS).
	Health Canada [20,21]	-Authorized health products for use in Canada and monitored the CAEFISS in partnership with PHAC.
	COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force [23]	-Guided the Government of Canada on vaccine decision making.
	Minister of Health [24]	-Provided leadership and support to provinces on enacting health policy and helped to ensure adequate vaccination supply.
	Transport Canada [25]	-Vaccine transportation for Northern and remote First Nation communities and monitored vaccine transportation policies.
	Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) [26]	-Adjusted measures (including quarantine conditions) to allow for safe travel.
	Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC) [27]	-Helped to identify, procure and coordinate the delivery of COVID-19 vaccines and supplies such as needles and personal protective equipment for vaccinators.
	Minister of Digital Government [28]	-Introduced an enhanced digital vaccine receipt that featured a national QR code.
	Health Canada’s First Nations and Inuit Health Branch [29]	-Launched Operation Remote Immunity to administer booster doses in Northern and First Nation communities.
Provincial actors	Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table [30]	-Provided weekly summaries of relevant scientific evidence for the COVID-19 Health Coordination Table of the Province of Ontario, integrating information gathered from existing consultative bodies.
	Ontario COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Task Force [31]	-Oversaw COVID-19 vaccine distribution and delivery (e.g., transportation within province, storage, location of earliest vaccine clinics).
	Ontario Ministry of Health [32]	-Coordinated and monitored the vaccine roll-out, and developed policies to prioritize, create eligibility criteria, provide financial support to public health unit, regulate/mandate vaccination of healthcare workers, and provide billing codes to remunerate pharmacy and physician vaccination services.
	Ontario Ministry of Education [33]	-Introduced health and safety measures to protect against COVID-19 whilst promoting education workers to get vaccinated and supporting vaccine clinics on school sites
	Public Health Ontario [34]	-Coordinated public health units that ran clinics and provided outreach services to isolated communities.
	Ontario Community Support Association (OCSA) [35]	-Established programs to support vaccine access for people who did not have access to transportation (e.g., ride programs).
	Ontario Medical Association (OMA) [36]	-Provided guidance and support to physicians and the public and advocated for an equitable, safe, and accessible COVID-19 vaccination framework in Ontario.
	Ontario Pharmacists Association [37]	-Provided training, information and support to pharmacists delivering vaccines, and collaborated with provincial stakeholders to establish a pharmacy vaccine distribution channel separate from public channels.
Community actors	Regional Hospitals in partnership with Indigenous leaders [38]	-Organized earliest vaccination clinics, tested the travel logistics in Northern Ontario and support the administration of the vaccine to Indigenous and remote communities.
	Public Health Units [39]	-Responsible for managing and overseeing the public outreach and primary vaccine distribution channel for each public health region in the province.
	Healthcare workers (e.g., physicians, nurses, pharmacists, paramedics) [37,40]	-Administered vaccines to individuals and advised patients on the safety and efficacy of the vaccines.