Table 1.
Isorhamnetin glycoside (IG) compounds (1–49). According to the number of sugar groups, IGs are divided into monoglycosides (1–9), diglycosides (10–34), triglycosides (35–48), and tetraglycosides (49).
| No. | Name | Trivial Name | Source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoglycosides | ||||
| 1 | Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside | Brassicin |
Centaurea cyanus Centaurea kotschyi var. kotschyi Cnicus wallichi Russowia Sogdiana Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae) Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Nitraria tangutorum Bolor |
[29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [22] |
| 2 | Isorhamnetin-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside |
Carduncellus eriocephalus Nitraria tangutorum Bolor Atriplex centralasiatica Laportea bulbifera Wedd. V. galamensis ssp. galamensis var. petitiana (A. Rich) M. Gilbert Raphanus raphanistrum L. Caragana intermedia |
[35] [22] [36] [21] [37] [38] [39] |
|
| 3 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside | Laportea bulbifera Wedd. | [21] | |
| 4 | Isorhamnentin-3-O-β-d-glucoside |
Astragalus centralpinus Solidago canadensis L. Hippophae rhamnoids Sambucus nigra L. Calendula officinalis |
[40] [28] [20] [41] [42] |
|
| 5 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide |
Arnica montana Persicaria thunbergii Senecio giganteus Polygonum aviculare L. Senecio argunensis Turcz. |
[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] |
|
| 6 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-(2-acetyl-glucuronide) | Polygonum aviculare L. | [46] | |
| 7 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d (6-acetyl-glucoside) | Solidago canadensis L. | [28] | |
| 8 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-galactoside | Senecio argunensis Turcz. | [47] | |
| 9 | Isorhamnetin-4′-O-β-d glucoside | Allium cepa L. | [23] | |
| Diglycosides | ||||
| 10 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-[2‴-O-acetyl−β-d-xyloside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside] | Gymnocarpos decander | [27] | |
| 11 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-[2‴,3‴-O-isopropylidene-α-l-rhamnoside]—(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Tetraena aegyptia | [48] | |
| 12 | Isorhamnetin-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→2)-β-d-glucoside | Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-neohesperidoside | Cleome droserifolia | [12] |
| 13 | Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Astragaloside or Isorhamnetin-7-O-gentiobioside | Astragalus altaicus | [49] |
| 14 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-(4‴-p-coumaroyl-α-rhamnosy]—(1→6)-galactoside) | Aerva javanica | [50] | |
| 15 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→2)-β-d-glucoside | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-neohesperidoside |
Hippophae rhamnoids Typha augustifolia L. Calendula officinalis |
[20] [51] [42] |
| 16 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-xylosidel-(1→2)-β-d-galactoside | Prunus padus L. | [52] | |
| 17 | Isorhamnetin-3,4′-O-β-d-diglucoside |
Allium ascalonicum Lepidium apetalum willd |
[24] [53] |
|
| 18 | Isorhamnetin-3,7-O-β-d-diglucoside |
Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Carduncellus eriocephalus |
[34] [35] |
|
| 19 | Isorhamnetin-3,7-O-α-l-dirhamnoside | Laportea bulbifera Wedd. | [21] | |
| 20 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside | Brassidine |
Sinapis arvensis
Atriplex centralasiatica Hippophae rhamnoids |
[54] [36] [20] |
| 21 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside-4′-O-β-d-xyloside | Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss | [26] | |
| 22 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-galactoside | Isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside | Nitraria retusa | [55] |
| 23 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside-(1→2)-rhamnoside | Laportea bulbifera Wedd. | [21] | |
| 24 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Narcissin Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside |
V. galamensis ssp. galamensis var. petitiana (A. Rich) M. Gilbert opuntia ficus-indica Hippophae rhamnoids Ginkgo biloba Sambucus nigra L. Calendula officinalis |
[37] [18] [20] [9,56] [41] [42] |
| 25 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-apioide (1→2)-β-d-galactoside | V. galamensis ssp. galamensis var. petitiana (A. Rich) M. Gilbert | [37] | |
| 26 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-arabinoside-7-O-β-d-glucoside |
Callianthemum taipaicum
Narcissus pseudonarcissus |
[57] [58] |
|
| 27 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d- (6‴-p-coumaroyl-α-glucoside-(1→2)-rhamnoside) | Ginkgo biloba | [56] | |
| 28 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside-(1→2)-α-l-rhamnoside | Ginkgo biloba | [56] | |
| 29 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-[2‴-O-acetyl−α-l-arabinoside-(1→6)-β-d-galactoside] |
Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. Trillium apetalon Makino. and T. kamtschaticum Pallas. |
[59] [60] |
|
| 30 | Isorhamnetin-3-O−α-l-arabinoside-(1→6)-β-d-galactoside | Trillium apetalon Makino. and T. kamtschaticum Pallas. | [60] | |
| 31 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-(4″-acetyl-rhamnoside)-7-O-α-rhamnoside | Cleome droserifolia | [12] | |
| 32 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside-7-O-α-l-arabinoside | Eschscholtzia mexicana Greene | [61] | |
| 33 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside(1→2)]-β-d-galactoside | Glycine max (L.) Merr. | [62] | |
| 34 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-glucoside-7-O-α-(3″′-isovaleryl)-rhamnoside | Lepidium apetalum | [53] | |
| Triglycosides | ||||
| 35 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside-4′-O-β-d-glucoside | Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-4′-glucoside | Mercurialis annua | [26] |
| 36 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2G-β-d-apiofuranosyl) [2‴-O-acetyl−β-d-xyloside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside] | Gymnocarpos decander | [27] | |
| 37 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2″,6″-O-α-l-dirhamnoside)-β-d-galactoside |
Alangium premnifolium
Lysimachia fortunei |
[63] [64] |
|
| 38 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(4Rham-β-d-galactosyl)-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-galactoside] | Isorhamnetin-3-O-4Rham-galactosyl-robinobioside | Nitraria retusa | [55,65] |
| 39 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→2)-β-d-galactoside-7-O-β-d-glucoside | Blackstonia perfoliata | [66] | |
| 40 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside | Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-7-rhamnoside |
Cassia italica
Hippophae rhamnoides |
[67] [68] |
| 41 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-glucoside-(1→2)-β-d-glucoside-7-β-d-glucoside | Brassicoside or Isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-β-d-glucoside | Brassica napus | [54] |
| 42 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-xyloside-(1→3Rham)-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-galactoside | Isorhamnetin 3-xylosyl-robinobioside | Nitraria retusa | [55] |
| 43 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-glucoside-(1→2)-β-d-glucoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside | Isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside | Hippophae rhamnoids | [20] |
| 44 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-[(6-O-E-sinapoyl)-β-d-glucoside-(1 → 2)]-β-d-glucoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside | Hippophae rhamnoids | [20] | |
| 45 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2G-α-l-rhamnoside)-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Typhaneoside |
Typha augustifolia L. Calendula officinalis |
[51] [42] |
| 46 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-(2G-β-d-glucoside)-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Boldo Folium | [69] | |
| 47 | Isorhammetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside-7-O-β-d-glucoside | Isorhammetin-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside |
Hippophae rhamnoids
Mercurialis annua |
[20] [26] |
| 48 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside-7-O-β-d-glucoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-gentiobioside | Lepidium apetalum willd | [53] |
| Tetraglycosides | ||||
| 49 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-[2G-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside]-α-l-rhamnoside-(1→6)-β-d-glucoside | Boldo Folium | [69] | |