Table 1.
The recent applications of dECM-based bioinks for bioprinting in tissue engineering.
| Bioink Composition | Seed Cells | Biological Factors | Source of dECM | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decellularized heart tissue | Rat myoblast cells | - | Porcine heart | Heart tissue regeneration | [142] |
| Decellularized heart tissue | Cardiac progenitor cells | VEGF | Left ventricle from the complete porcine heart | Hydrogel patch for cardiac repair | [30] |
| Decellularized heart tissue | Human cardiac progenitor cells | Vitamin B2 | Heart tissue from a 6-month-old Korean domestic pig | In vitro fabrication of engineered tissue | [143] |
| Decellularized heart tissue | Human iPSCs | - | Heart left ventricles from Yorkshire pigs | Fabrication of patient-specific tissue model | [144] |
| Decellularized heart tissue | Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes | - | Heart tissues from 6-month-old Korean domestic pigs | Engineered heart tissue | [145] |
| Decellularized cartilage tissue | Human inferior turbinate-tissue-derived MSCs | - | Porcine cartilage tissue | Cartilage tissue regeneration | [142] |
| Decellularized cartilage tissue and silk fibroin | Rabbit bone-marrow-derived MSCs | - | Porcine articular cartilage | Developing tissue substitutes with irregular shape | [146] |
| Decellularized cartilage tissue and silk fibroin | Rabbit bone-marrow-derived MSCs | TGF-β3 | Articular cartilage tissue from female goats | Cartilage regeneration | [147] |
| Decellularized menisci and polyurethane and polycaprolactone polymers | Human bone-marrow-derived MSC | - | Porcine lateral and medial menisci | Meniscus regeneration | [148] |
| Decellularized menisci and poly(vinyl alcohol) | - | - | Rabbit menisci | Meniscus regeneration | [149] |
| Decellularized adipose tissue | Human adipose-derived stem cells | - | Porcine adipose | Adipose tissue regeneration | [142] |
| Decellularized adipose tissue and alginate | Human subcutaneous preadipocyte cells | - | Human adipose | Engineering densely packed adipose tissue | [150] |
| Decellularized adipose tissue and plasma | Human dermal fibroblasts | - | Porcine adipose | Tissue substitutes with optimal microenvironment | [151] |
| Decellularized adipose tissue | Minced parathyroid glands | - | Porcine adipose | Maintaining biological functions of parathyroid glands | [152] |
| Decellularized skeletal muscle | Human skeletal muscle cells | - | Porcine tibialis anterior muscles and descending aortas | Volumetric muscle loss treatment | [153] |
| Methacrylate decellularized skeletal muscle | C2C12 cells | - | Lower limb muscle from adult Yorkshire porcine | Muscle regeneration | [154] |
| Decellularized liver tissue | HepG2 cells and human MSCs | - | Porcine liver tissue | Liver in vitro models for transplantation and drug screening | [155] |
| Decellularized liver tissue | Human iPSCs | - | Liver from three-month-old healthy Yorkshire pigs | Fabrication of patient-specific tissue substitutes | [144] |
| Decellularized liver tissue and collagen I | HepG2 cells | - | Porcine liver from Yorkshire pigs | Disease mechanism exploration and drug screening | [156] |
| Decellularized skin tissue | Human neonatal epidermal keratinocytes, human adipose-derived MSCs | - | Porcine skin tissue | Skin regeneration | [157] |
| Decellularized skin tissue | Human dermal fibroblasts | - | Porcine skin tissue | Dermal substitute | [158] |
| Decellularized skin tissue | Mouse fibroblasts | - | Native skin tissues from a Korean domestic pig | Establishing a 3D cell printing process | [159] |
| Decellularized cornea and collagen I | Human corneal keratocytes | - | Bovine eyeballs | Cornea substitutes | [160] |
| Decellularized cornea | - | - | Bovine eyeballs | Artificial corneas | [161] |
| Decellularized brain | Glioblastoma cells and endothelial cells | - | Cephalic parts of market pigs | In vitro disease model | [162] |
| Decellularized pancreatic tissues | Rat islets and endothelial cells | - | Porcine pancreatic tissue | Fabricating 3D pancreatic tissue constructs | [163] |
| Decellularized pancreatic tissues | - | - | Porcine pancreatic tissue | Pancreatic tissue substitutes | [164] |
| Decellularized tracheal mucosa | Endothelial cells and fibroblasts | - | Porcine tracheal mucosa | Functional airway-on-a-chip | [165] |
| Decellularized trachea | Human inferior turbinate MSCs | - | Porcine trachea | Tracheal reconstruction | [166] |
| Decellularized vascular tissue | Endothelial progenitor cells | - | Porcine descending aortas of pigs | Therapy for ischemic disease | [31] |
| Decellularized vascular tissue | Endothelial cells | - | Fresh porcine aortic tissue | In vitro vascular models | [167] |