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. 2023 Apr 15;11(4):849. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040849

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immune response elicited by hFcgRI-targeted vaccines. Following intranasal immunization, the fusion proteins (FPs) containing the APC-targeting component α-hCD64 and the antigen crosses through M cells (M) at the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Following transcytosis, the FPs are taken up by antigen-presenting cells including DCs (D) and macrophages (Mp). APCs can either present the antigens to the T cells (T) at the NALT or at the draining lymph nodes, ensuing adaptive immune response including the generation of antigen-specific IgG, IgA, and Th17 and Th22 responses. The IgG and IgA at the mucosa are secreted (Transcytosis: arrow across the epithelium) to the mucosa thereby preventing the invasion of the cognate pathogen. E: Epithelial cells, Dc: follicular dendritic cells.