Table 1.

Isolation of arboviruses or detection of nucleic acids in the islands of the insular Caribbean.

Arbovirus	Island	Date	Source	References
Flaviviridae
Ilhéus virus	Trinidad	1954	Mixed pool of mosquitoes, Psorophora spp.,	[74]
		1955	Mixed pool of mosquitoes, Homo sapiens	[50,74]
		1956	Mixed pool of mosquitoes, Psorophora ferox	[74]
		1966	Homo sapiens	[50]
		1967	Homo sapiens	[50]
St Louis encephalitis virus	Haiti	1955	Butorides virescens	[85]
	Jamaica	1962	Culex nigripalpus, Mimus polyglottos	[87,89]
		1963	Culex nigripalpus	[88]
	Trinidad	1955	Culex coronator, Culex caudelli, Psorophora ferox	[93]
		1956	Leptotila verreauxi	[94]
		1958	Ramphocelus carbo, Turdus fumigatus, Manacus manacus, mosquitoes, Homo sapiens	[95,96]
			Pipra erythrocephola, mosquitoes	[95]
		1960–1962	Aedes scapularis, Culex caudelli, Culex coronator, Culex declarator, Culex nigripalpus, Culex spissipes, Culex taeniopus, Psorophora ferox	[95]
Spondweni virus	Haiti	2016	Culex quinquefasciatus a	[30]
West Nile virus	Puerto Rico	2006	Gallus gallus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex bahamensis	[104]
Nairoviridae
Estero real virus	Cuba	1980	Ornithodoros tadaridae	[46]
Hughes virus	Cuba	1979	Ornithodoros denmarki	[115]
		1980	Ornithodoros denmarki	[116]
	Trinidad	1962	Ornithodoros capensis, Ornithodoros denmarki, Sterna fuscata	[114]
Soldado virus	Trinidad	1963	Ornithodoros capensis	[47]
Peribunyaviridae
Bimiti virus	Trinidad	1955	Culex spp., Culex spissipes	[31]
		2007–2009	Culex portesi	[32]
Bushbush virus	Trinidad	1959	Culex amazonensis	[33]
Cache Valley virus b	Jamaica	1962	Anopheles grabhami	[35]
		1963	Aedes taeniorhynchus	[35]
		1965	Anopheles grabhamii, Aedes taeniorhynchus	[35,36]
	Trinidad	1958	Aedes scapularis	[34]
Carapurú like virus	Trinidad	1959–1964	Culex portesi, Culex accelerans, Culex amazonensis, Culex coronator, Culex spissipes, Culex nigripalpus, Culex vomerifer, Wyeomyia medioalbipes	[37]
		2007–2009	Culex portesi, Culex vomerifer, Culex pedroi	[32]
Catú virus	Trinidad	1960–1964	Zygodontomys brevicauda, Oryzomys laticeps, Culex portesi, Culex amazonensis, Culex crybda	[119]
		1971	Homo sapiens	[51]
Guama virus	Trinidad	1960–1963	Heteromys anomalus, sentinel mice, Oryzomys, Zygodontomys, Heteromys, Proechimys, Culex amazonensis, Culex portesi, Mansonia spp.	[37]
Kairi virus	Trinidad	1955	Aedes scapularis, Psorophora ferox, Culex spissipes, Wyeomyia aporonoma	[38]
		1958	Wyeomyia ypsipola	[38]
Lukuni virus	Trinidad	1955	Aedes scapularis	[33]
Manzanilla virus	Trinidad	1954	Alouatta seniculus insularis	[121]
Melao virus	Haiti	2014	Homo sapiens	[52]
	Trinidad	1955	Aedes scapularis	[122]
Moriche virus	Trinidad	1964	Culex amazonensis	[39]
Nepuyo virus	Trinidad	1957–1958	Culex accelerans	[123]
Oriboca virus	Trinidad	1962–1963	Culex portesi, Sentinel mice	[37]
		2007–2009	Culex portesi	[32]
Oropouche virus	Haiti Trinidad	2014 1955	Homo sapiens a Homo sapiens	[52] [53]
		1960	Mansonia venezuelensis b	[53]
Pacui virus	Trinidad	1961	Zygodontomys brevicauda, Oryzomya laticeps	[39]
Restan virus	Trinidad	1963	Culex portesi	[40]
Triniti virus	Trinidad	1955	Mixed pool containing Trichoprosopon digitatum, Trichoprosopon theobaldi, Trichoprosopon longipes	[41]
Turlock virus	Trinidad	1963	Culex declarator	[42]
Wyeomyia virus	Trinidad	1953–1966	Aedes scapularis, Culex amazonensis, Limatus durhamii, Limatus flavisetosus, Trichoprosopon longipes, Psorophora albipes, Psorophora ferox	[43]
		2007–2009	Trichoprosopon digitatum, Wyeomyia spp.	[32]
Phenuiviridae
Itaporanga virus	Trinidad	Not stated	Culex eastor	[44]
Rhabdoviridae
Aruac virus	Trinidad	1955	Trichoprosopon theobaldi, Psorophora ferox	[45]
Cocal virus	Trinidad	1961	Orzomys laticeps velutinus, Culex portesi, Heteromys anomalis	[128]
Sedoreoviridae
Bluetongue virus	Barbados	1987–1992	Ovine	[49,133]
	Dominican Republic	1987–1992	Bovine	[49,133]
	Guadeloupe	2006	Bovine	[135]
	Jamaica	1987–1992	Bovine	[49,133]
	Martinique	2006	Bovine	[132]
	Puerto Rico	1987–1992	Bovine, Culicoides pusillus	[49,133]
	Trinidad	1987–1992	Bovine	[49,133]
		2017	Bovine	[138]
Epizootic haemorrhagic virus	Puerto Rico	1987–1992	Culicoides pusillus	[49]
	Trinidad	2019	Bovine	[140]
Ieri virus	Trinidad	1955	Psorophora albipes, Psorophora ferox	[33]
Wad Medani virus	Jamaica	1965	Amblyomma cajennense	[48]
Togaviridae
Eastern equine encephalitis virus	Cuba	1943	Equine	[145]
		1953	Equine	[143]
		1969–1970	Equine	[144]
		1970	Columba livia	[146]
		1972	Equine, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Cyclura macleaya, Egretta thula, Butorides virescens, Guara alba, Buteogallus gunlachi, Tringa solitaria, Saurothera merlini, Tolmarchus caudifasciatus, Corvus nasicus	[143]
		1980	Capromys pilorides, Dumetella carolinensis	[147]
		1949	Equine	[158]
	Dominican Republic	1978	Equine	[148]
	Jamaica	1962	Equine, Homo sapiens	[150]
	Trinidad	1959	Culex nigripalpus, Culex taeniopus	[153]
		1970	Homo sapiens	[55]
Madariaga virus	Haiti	2015	Homo sapiens	[54]
Mayaro virus	Haiti	2014	Homo sapiens	[57]
		2015	Homo sapiens	[58]
	Trinidad	1954	Homo sapiens	[56]
		1957	Mansonia venezuelensis c	[155]
Una virus	Trinidad	1959	Psorophora ferox	[39]
		1960	Culex ybarmis, Sentinel mice	[39]
		1962	Aedes serratus	[39]
Venezuelan equine encephalitis	Trinidad	1943	Mansonia titillans, Equine	[157]
		1959–1963	Culex portesi, Aedes serratus, Culex amazonensis, Limatus flavisetosus, Mansonia, titillans, Mansonia venezuelensis c, Psorophora ferox, Wyeomyia medioalbipes, Orozymus, Zygodontomys, Heteromys, Sentinel mice	[37]
Mucambo virus	Trinidad	2007–2009	Culex portesi	[32]
Western equine encephalitis	Cuba	1970	Columba livia	[144]

^a Nucleic acids detected by sequencing only; ^b Studies now show isolates indistinguishable from BeAR7272, which is a Maguari virus isolate; ^c Now known as Coquillettidia venezuelensis.