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. 2023 Apr 12;15(4):1225. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041225

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Histological images (H&E stain, 100X) of examples of ankle joints of different groups including the control group (a), arthritic group (b), chrysin 50 mg/kg (c), chrysin 100 mg/kg (d), and piroxicam 10 mg/kg groups (e) (n = 10 per group). The control group shows no inflammation. Using the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration as an indicator of effect, the CFA arthritic group shows severe inflammation/extensive inflammatory cell infiltration; while (c–e) show an improvement in the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration after treatment with chrysin (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, respectively) or piroxicam in CFA arthritic rats. (a): shows stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. (b): ▲ Shows chronic granulomatous inflammation, Shows pannus formation, Shows peri-articular inflammation. (c): ▲ Showing synovial hyperplasia, Shows articular cartilage with no inflammation. (d): = mild synovial hyperplasia, ▲ = mild peri articular inflammation, = intact articular cartilage. (e): shows mild synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, ▲ shows intact articular cartilage.

Inline graphic — Histological images (H&E stain, 100X) of examples of ankle joints of different groups including the control group (a), arthritic group (b), chrysin 50 mg/kg (c), chrysin 100 mg/kg (d), and piroxicam 10 mg/kg groups (e) (n = 10 per group). The control group shows no inflammation. Using the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration as an indicator of effect, the CFA arthritic group shows severe inflammation/extensive inflammatory cell infiltration; while (c–e) show an improvement in the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration after treatment with chrysin (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, respectively) or piroxicam in CFA arthritic rats. (a): shows stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. (b): ▲ Shows chronic granulomatous inflammation, Shows pannus formation, Shows peri-articular inflammation. (c): ▲ Showing synovial hyperplasia, Shows articular cartilage with no inflammation. (d): = mild synovial hyperplasia, ▲ = mild peri articular inflammation, = intact articular cartilage. (e): shows mild synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, ▲ shows intact articular cartilage.