Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (Bivariate and Multivariable Tests) for Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use in Early Adulthood According to Type of Sports Participation in High School, Monitoring the Future Study, 2006–2017
| Type of Nonmedical PDM | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Opioids | Stimulants | Tranquilizers/Sedatives | Any PDM | ||||
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Multivariable Associations (No Control Variables) a | ||||||||
| (n = 4,163) | (n = 4,168) | (n = 4,170) | (n = 4,175) | |||||
| Sports participation at age 17/18 years | ||||||||
| Contact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 1.59b | 1.26, 2.00 | 1.61b | 1.31, 1.99 | 1.08 | 0.87, 1.34 | 1.45b | 1.20, 1.74 |
| Semicontact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 0.98 | 0.80, 1.21 | 1.01 | 0.84, 1.22 | 0.89 | 0.74, 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.80, 1.09 |
| Noncontact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 0.85 | 0.70, 1.04 | 1.11 | 0.93, 1.34 | 0.96 | 0.80, 1.16 | 1.03 | 0.88, 1.20 |
| Follow-up period (from age 17/18 years (0) to age 27/28 years (5)) | 0.85b | 0.81, 0.91 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.92, 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.03 |
| Multivariable (Adjusted) Associations c | ||||||||
| (n = 3,838) | (n = 3,842) | (n = 3,842) | (n = 3,846) | |||||
| Sports participation at age 17/18 years | ||||||||
| Contact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 1.31d | 1.00, 1.71 | 1.33d | 1.05, 1.68 | 0.95 | 0.73, 1.24 | 1.30d | 1.05, 1.61 |
| Semicontact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 1.02 | 0.82, 1.27 | 1.08 | 0.88, 1.32 | 0.90 | 0.73, 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.84, 1.18 |
| Noncontact sports | ||||||||
| Did not participate | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Participated | 0.79d | 0.63, 0.99 | 1.14 | 0.94, 1.38 | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.84, 1.18 |
| Follow-up period (from age 17/18 years (0) to age 27/28 years (5)) | 0.82b | 0.76, 0.89 | 1.03 | 0.97, 1.10 | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.03 | 0.98 | 0.93, 1.03 |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GPA, grade point average; PDM, prescription drug misuse.
a Models with no control variables still included each type of sports participation and a time-varying measure for age.
b P < 0.001.
c The models controlled for the following: time-invariant variables—sex, race/ethnicity, parents’ level of education, urbanicity, US region, cohort year, and average GPA in the participant’s senior year; and time-varying variables—past-30-day cigarette smoking (ages 17/18–27/28 years), past-2-week binge drinking (ages 17/18–27/28 years), past-30-day marijuana use (ages 17/18–27/28 years), and whether the participant was attending college (ages 19/20–27/28 years).
d P < 0.05.