Table 1.
Basic characteristics of survivors COVID-19 (N = 9342) and non-survivors (N = 2602).
| Total Mean ± SD n/N(%) |
Survivors Mean ± SD n (%) |
Non-survivors Mean ± SD n (%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.001 | |||
| Male | 6779/11,944 (56.8%) | 5229/9342(56.0%) | 1550/2602 (59.6%) | |
| Female | 5165/11,944 (43.2%) | 4113/9342 (44.0%) | 1052/2602 (40.4%) | |
| Age (years) | 59.4 ± 18.0 | 56.3 ± 17.4 | 70.4 ± 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| 18–49 | 3687 (30.9%) | 3402 (36.4%) | 285 (11.0%) | < 0.001 |
| 50–62 | 2804 (23.5%) | 2361 (25.3%) | 443 (17.0%) | < 0.001 |
| 63–75 | 2873 (24.1%) | 2138 (22.9%) | 735 (28.2%) | < 0.001 |
| 76–104 | 2580 (21.6%) | 1441 (15.4%) | 1139 (43.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Hospitalization (days) | 6.4 ± 7.5 | 5.9 ± 6.8 | 8.1 ± 9.4 | < 0.001 |
| Hospitalization ward (%) | ||||
| Emergency | 2292(19.2%) | 2133 (22.8%) | 159 (6.1%) | < 0.001 |
| ward | 7772(65.1%) | 6516 (69.7%) | 1256 (48.3%) | |
| ICU | 1880 (15.7%) | 693 (7.4%) | 1187 (45.6%) | |
| Hematologic parameters | ||||
| Leukocytes (normal range 3.5–9.5 × 109/L) | 8.4 ± 6.0 | 7.8 ± 4.8 | 10.9 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| Leukocyte count < 3.5 × 109/L | 735/10,537 (7.0%) | 599 (7.3%) | 136 (5.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Leukocyte count > 9.5 × 109/L | 3113/10,537(29.5%) | 2008 (24.5%) | 1105 (47.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte percentage (Normal range 20–50) | 19.1 ± 11.3 | 20.7 ± 11.2 | 13.5 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (normal range 1.1–3.2 × 109/L) | 1257.6 ± 1965.3 | 1262.8 ± 1436.0 | 1238.9 ± 3214.2 | 0.583 |
| Lymphocyte count < 1.2 × 109/L | 6992/11,942(58.5%) | 5229 (56.0%) | 1763 (67.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils percentage (Normal range 40–75) | 75.9 ± 12.9 | 74.2 ± 12.8 | 82.3 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils (normal range1.5–6.3 × 109/L) | 5734.4 ± 4834.3 | 5143.1 ± 3962.7 | 7875.6 ± 6730.7 | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils count < 1.5 × 109/L | 1739/11,933(14.6%) | 1376 (11.5%) | 365 (3.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophils count > 6.3 × 109/L | 4206/11,942(35.2%) | 2788 (29.8%) | 1418 (54.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 6.4 ± 5.8 | 5.5 ± 4.9 | 9.5 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio > 7.726 | 2993/10,377(28.8%) | 1816 (22.4%) | 1177 (52.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Platelets (normal range150-450 × 109/L) | 209.4 ± 91.7 | 210.9 ± 87.1 | 204.0 ± 106.4 | 0.002 |
| Platelets < 150 × 109/L | 2528/10,344(24.4%) | 1815 (22.5%) | 713 (31.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Platelets > 450 × 109/L | 187/10,344(1.8%) | 133 (1.6%) | 54 (2.4%) | < 0.001 |
| HB (normal range male: 13.5–17.5 g/dL, female: 12.5–15.5 g/dL) | 12.3 ± 2.4 | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 11.7 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
| HB < 12.55 g/dL (female) & HB < 13.55 g/dL (male) | 5042/10,495(48.0%) | 3635 (44.4%) | 1407 (61.1%) | < 0.001 |
| MCV (normal range 80–100 fL) | 83.8 ± 7.5 | 85.2 ± 7.8 | 83.4 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
| MCV < 80 fL | 2452/10,509(23.3%) | 2003 (24.4%) | 449 (19.5%) | < 0.001 |
| MCV > 100 fL | 108/10,509 (1.0%) | 61 (0.7%) | 47 (2.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| BUN (normal range 6–23 mg/dL) | 25.7 ± 22.2 | 21.6 ± 15.9 | 39.8 ± 32.4 | < 0.001 |
| BUN > 23 mg/dL | 1736/4915 (35.3%) | 1018 (26.8%) | 718 (64.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Cr (normal range 0.5–1.2 mg/dL) | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Cr > 1.2 mg/dL | 4534/9721 (46.6) | 3028 (40.6%) | 1506 (66.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Electrolytes parameters | ||||
| Na (normal range 135–145 mmol/L) | 138.3 ± 13.5 | 138.4 ± 14.9 | 138.2 ± 6.9 | 0.632 |
| Na < 135 mmol/L | 1945/10,742 (18.1%) | 1346 (16.3%) | 599 (23.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Na > 145 mmol/L | 495/10,742 (4.6%) | 273 (3.3%) | 222 (8.9%) | < 0.001 |
| K(normal range 3.5–5.1 mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| K < 3.5 mmol/L | 796/10,789 (7.4%) | 569 (6.9%) | 227 (9.0%) | < 0.001 |
| K > 5.1 mmol/L | 583/10,789 (5.4%) | 298 (3.6%) | 285 (11.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Ca (normal range 8.5–10.5 mg/dL) | 8.9 ± 11.7 | 9.0 ± 13.8 | 8.5 ± 1.1 | 0.085 |
| Ca < 8.5 mg/dL | 3246/8082 (40.2%) | 2109 (35.9%) | 1137 (51.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Ca > 10.1 mg/dl | 621/8082 (7.7%) | 469 (8.0%) | 152 (6.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Mg (normal range 1.3–2.1 mEq/L) | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Mg < 1.6 mg/dl | 622/8141 (7.6%) | 431 (7.3%) | 191 (8.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Mg > 2.4 mg/dl | 716/8141 (8.8%) | 422 (7.1%) | 294 (13.3%) | < 0.001 |
| P (normal range 3.0–4.5 mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| P < 2.5 mg/dl | 778/6431 (12.1%) | 588 (12.7%) | 190 (10.6%) | < 0.001 |
| P > 4.5 mg/dl | 933/6431 (14.5%) | 431 (9.3%) | 502 (28.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Liver function | ||||
| AST (normal range 0-37 IU/L( | 67.3 ± 218.9 | 53.9 ± 154.1 | 106.5 ± 341.6 | < 0.001 |
| AST > 37 IU/L | 2990/6245 (47.9%) | 2002 (43.0%) | 988 (62.1%) | < 0.001 |
| ALT(normal range 4–40 IU/L( | 55.0 ± 174.5 | 46.6 ± 114.4 | 79.6 ± 283.7 | < 0.001 |
| ALT > 40 IU/L | 2039/6240 (32.7%) | 1442 (31.0%) | 597 (37.5%) | < 0.001 |
| ALP (normal range 30–150 IU/L) | 226.8 ± 194.1 | 212.5 ± 156.7 | 267.7 ± 270.0 | < 0.001 |
| ALP > 150 IU/L | 6120/8780 (69.7%) | 4432 (68.2%) | 1688 (74.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Total Bilirubin (normal range 0.3–1.2 mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
| Total Bilirubin > 1.2 | 1543/7600 (20.3%) | 957 (17.1%) | 586 (29.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Direct Bilirubin (normal range 0.1–0.3 mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Direct Bilirubin > 0.3 mg/dL | 3721/7577 (49.1%) | 2427 (43.6%) | 1294 (64.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (normal range 3.5–5.5 g/dL) | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin < 3.5 g/dL | 1881/6572 (28.6%) | 939 (20.0%) | 942 (50.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Pancreatic function | ||||
| Amylase (normal range 60–120 Somogyi U/dL) | 75.5 ± 109.3 | 70.3 ± 94.6 | 89.0 ± 139.7 | < 0.001 |
| Amylase > 120 Somogyi U/dL | 246/2472 (9.9%) | 137 (7.7%) | 109 (15.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Lipase (normal range 0–160 IU/L( | 38.5 ± 71.4 | 36.2 ± 59.4 | 44.5 ± 95.8 | 0.011 |
| Lipase > 160 IU/L | 39/2352 (1.7%) | 27 (1.6%) | 12 (1.9%) | 0.718 |
| Lipid profile | ||||
| TGL(normal range < 200 mg/dL) | 144.3 ± 94.8 | 142.9 ± 93.8 | 148.7 ± 97.8 | 0.312 |
| TGL > 200 mg/dL | 243/1465 (16.6%) | 180 (16.3%) | 6 (17.6%) | 0.684 |
| Cholesterol(normal range < 200 mg/dL) | 136.2 ± 43.0 | 139.1 ± 43.3 | 127.3 ± 40.7 | < 0.001 |
| Cholesterol > 200 mg/dL | 77/1441 (5.3%) | 49 (4.5%) | 28 (7.9%) | 0.032 |
| HDL(normal range > 55 mg/dL) | 34.3 ± 11.7 | 34.7 ± 11.2 | 32.9 ± 13.1 | 0.200 |
| HDL < 55 mg/dL | 1277/1325 (96.4%) | 974 (96.2%) | 303 (97.1%) | 0.492 |
| LDL(normal range < 130 mg/dL) | 78.7 ± 31.4 | 81.0 ± 31.5 | 71.3 ± 30.0 | < 0.001 |
| LDL > 130 mg/dL | 57/1319 (4.3%) | 37 (3.6%) | 20 (6.4%) | 0.097 |
| Blood glucose | ||||
| FBS (normal range 74–110 mg/dL) | 161.1 ± 84.6 | 156.8 ± 82.3 | 171.7 ± 89.2 | < 0.001 |
| FBS > 110 mg/dL | 2174/3148 (69.1%) | 1501 (66.9%) | 673 (74.5%) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1C(normal range 5.7–6.4 ) | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 8.1 ± 2.2 | 0.869 |
| HbA1C > 6.4 | 1599/2108 (75.9%) | 1188 (75.7%) | 411 (76.4%) | 0.771 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||
| LDH (normal range < 250 IU/L) | 686.0 ± 598.5 | 607.6 ± 452.3 | 918.4 ± 861.6 | < 0.001 |
| LDH > 250 IU/L | 4422/4538 (97.4%) | 3296 (97.1%) | 1126 (98.4%) | 0.017 |
| CRP (normal range 0-10 mg/L) | 43.0 ± 47.6 | 38.7 ± 44.9 | 58.3 ± 53.3 | < 0.001 |
| CRP > 10 mg/L | 6284/8479 (74.1%) | 4702 (71.1%) | 1582 (84.8%) | < 0.001 |
| ESR (normal range ≤ 15 mm/hr) | 37.3 ± 25.6 | 35.8 ± 24.8 | 41.7 ± 27.4 | < 0.001 |
| ESR > 15 mm/hr | 6880/8854 (77.7%) | 5081 (76.3%) | 1799 (82.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (normal range 4.5–19.8 mg/dL) | 24.1 ± 18.0 | 21.3 ± 10.9 | 29.1 ± 25.5 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate > 19.8 mg/dL | 1541/3016 (51.1%) | 898 (46.7%) | 643 (58.8%) | < 0.001 |
| IL6 | 78.2 ± 128.6 | 64.9 ± 112.6 | 103.1 ± 151.5 | 0.003 |
| CPK (normal range ≤ 200 IU/L) | 315.1 ± 1050.1 | 264.3 ± 796.1 | 471.2 ± 1584.8 | < 0.001 |
| CPK > 200 IU/L | 2905/9484 (30.6%) | 1933 (27.0%) | 972 (41.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (normal range ≤ 0.1 ng/mL) | 2.6 ± 7.6 | 1.7 ± 6.3 | 4.0 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 |
| Procalcitonin > 0.1 ng/mL | 1122/1334 (84.1%) | 674 (80.2%) | 448 (90.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac function | ||||
| Troponin (normal range < 0.04 ng/mL) | 0.6 ± 6.8 | 0.3 ± 3.7 | 1.2 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
| Troponin > 0.04 ng/mL | 1357/4838 (28.0%) | 604 (18.2%) | 753 (49.9%) | < 0.001 |
| CK-MB (normal range 3–5%) | 39.7 ± 119.9 | 32.9 ± 64.1 | 59.2 ± 207.8 | < 0.001 |
| CK-MB > 5% | 7097/7153 (99.2%) | 5259 (99.3%) | 1838 (99.1%) | 0.446 |
| proBNP(normal range < 300 pg/mL) | 3826.9 ± 6939.0 | 2508.7 ± 5185.9 | 6618.4 ± 9046.1 | < 0.001 |
| proBNP > 300 pg/mL | 894/1350 (66.2%) | 512 (55.8%) | 382 (88.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulation function | ||||
| aPTT (normal range 30–40 s) | 32.3 ± 10.1 | 31.9 ± 10.1 | 33.3 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 |
| aPTT > 40 s | 937/8780 (10.7%) | 608 (9.4%) | 329 (14.3%) | < 0.001 |
| INR (normal range < 1.1) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| INR > 1.1 | 3261/8883 (36.7%) | 1976 (30.2%) | 1285 (55.1%) | < 0.001 |
| PT (normal range 11–12.5 s) | 13.3 ± 2.8 | 13.0 ± 2.3 | 14.1 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
| PT > 12.5 s | 2358/8844 (26.7%) | 1364 (20.9%) | 994 (43.1%) | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer (normal range < 250 ng/mL) | 1143.7 ± 1501.4 | 952.2 ± 1248.4 | 1700.3 ± 1965.3 | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimer > 250 | 3352/4215 (79.5%) | 2419 (77.1%) | 933 (86.5%) | < 0.001 |
| VBG | ||||
| PH (normal range 7.31–7.41) | 8.1 ± 71.6 | 8.3 ± 82.0 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 0.557 |
| PH < 7.31 | 1799/10,503 (17.1%) | 1030 (12.9%) | 769 (30.6%) | < 0.001 |
| PCO2(normal range 40–50 mm Hg) | 45.2 ± 12.2 | 45.4 ± 10.2 | 44.4 ± 17.2 | 0.001 |
| PCO2 < 40 mm Hg | 3154/10,476 (30.1%) | 2141 (26.9%) | 1013 (40.3%) | < 0.001 |
| HCO3(normal range 22–28 mEq/L) | 25.6 ± 5.6 | 26.2 ± 5.2 | 23.4 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
| HCO3 < 22 mEq/L | 2166/10,466 (20.7%) | 1229 (15.4%) | 937 (37.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Iron profile | ||||
| Serum Iron(normal range 60-170mcg/dL) | 64.6 ± 64.3 | 64.6 ± 64.9 | 64.8 ± 62.6 | 0.962 |
| Serum Iron < 60 mcg/dL | 1004/1605(62.5%) | 715 (61.9%) | 289 (64.4%) | 0.359 |
| Ferritin (normal range 10–300 ng/mL) | 424.8 ± 339.0 | 395.2 ± 320.8 | 523.1 ± 377.4 | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin > 300 ng/mL | 2597/4687(55.4%) | 1870 (51.9%) | 727 (67.1%) | < 0.001 |
| TIBC (normal range 240–450 mcg/dL) | 262.7 ± 94.5 | 271.2 ± 89.4 | 241.3 ± 103.4 | < 0.001 |
| TIBC > 450 mcg/dL | 30/1430 (2.1%) | 18 (1.8%) | 12 (2.9%) | 0.157 |
| Thyroid function | ||||
| TSH (normal range 0.32–5.2 mIU/L) | 2.1 ± 4.9 | 2.0 ± 5.1 | 2.1 ± 4.5 | .791 |
| TSH < 0.32 mIU/L | 287/1623(17.7%) | 204 (17.1%) | 83 (19.3%) | 0.167 |
| TSH > 5.2 mIU/L | 115/1623 (7.1) | 78 (6.5%) | 37 (8.6%) | 0.167 |
| T4 | 8.2 ± 2.7 | 8.5 ± 2.6 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| T3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Vit D3 (normal range 25–80 ng/mL) | 30.4 ± 20.9 | 29.9 ± 20.5 | 31.7 ± 21.9 | 0.031 |
| Vit D3 < 25 ng/mL | 1411/2937(48.0) | 986 (46.7%) | 425 (51.6%) | 0.017 |
| IgM (normal range 55–375 mg/dL) | 85.0 ± 57.7 | 94.8 ± 61.3 | 55.2 ± 30.0 | 0.013 |
| IgM < 55 mg/dL | 21/69(30.4) | 13 (25.0%) | 8 (47.1%) | 0.128 |
| IgG (normal range 565–1765 mg/dL) | 1231.1 ± 564.6 | 1274.8 ± 577.2 | 1110.0 ± 517.9 | 0.172 |
| IgG < 565 mg/dL | 6/113(5.3%) | 3 (3.6%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0.189 |
Data are presented as means ± SDs or N (%). ICU Intensive care unit.
Significant values are in bold.