Fig. 3. Targeted microparticles outperform non-targeted microparticles at low particle concentration.

Impact of 2 µm sialyl Lewis A (sLe^A)-conjugated particles at 10⁶ particles/mL on (a) platelet adhesion or (b) leukocyte adhesion. Impact of 2 µm sLe^A-conjugated particles at 10⁷ particles/mL on (c) platelet adhesion, or (d) leukocyte adhesion. e Schematic of the mechanism of reduction of platelet-leukocyte aggregate binding to an inflamed endothelium in vitro due to the presence of micron-sized, targeted polymeric particles. N = 5 independent donors were utilized for each particle treatment (a–d) with 1–2 replicates per donor utilized for each (non-treatment) control. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. (*) indicates p < 0.05, (**) indicates p < 0.01, (***) indicates p < 0.001, and (****) indicates p < 0.0001 in comparison to no particle controls. (##) indicates p < 0.01 in comparison to untargeted (IgG conjugated) particles and § indicates p < 0.05 in comparison to ‘low’ sLe^A targeted particles. Lack of symbols indicates no statistical significance. Circles represent individual data points, horizontal bar represents the average of individual data points, and error bars represent standard error. Source data and specific p-values are provided as a Source Data file.