Table 1.
Phytochemical metabolites and their effects on human disease.
| Phytochemical | Metabolites | Diseases | Effects of Metabolites | Study Design | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ellagitannin | Urolithin A | Leukemia | Promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of leukemic cells | in vitro | [166] |
| Colorectal cancer | Increased senescence of cancer cells | in vitro | [167] | ||
| Myocardial infarction | Inhibited proliferation of myocardial fibrosis | in vitro and in vivo | [168] | ||
| Colitis | Reinforced gut barrier function | in vitro and in vivo | [169] | ||
| Glucosinolate | Sulforaphane | Liver cancer | Promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of human liver cancer cells | in vitro | [185] |
| Breast cancer | Induced senescence and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells; stimulated tumor suppressors; Inhibited tumor growth | in vitro | [186,191,193] | ||
| Lung cancer | Stimulated tumor suppressors | in vitro | [190] | ||
| Malignant melanoma | Reduced melanoma cell viability | in vitro | [192] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | Enhanced gap junction activity and chemotherapy sensitivity; improved dendritic cell activity; activated tumor suppressor gene | in vitro and in vivo | [194,195,196] | ||
| Bladder cancer | Inhibited tumor progression | in vivo | [269] | ||
| Baicalin | Baicalein | Colon cancer | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro, in vivo and in silico | [203,204] |
| Cervical cancer | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro and in vivo | [205] | ||
| Thyroid cancer | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro | [206] | ||
| Breast cancer | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro and in vivo | [207] | ||
| Myeloid leukemia | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro and in vivo | [208] | ||
| Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas | Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells | in vitro and in vivo | [270] | ||
| Liver cancer | Inhibited tumor growth and progression | in vitro and in vivo | [209] | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | Protected substantia nigra dopamine neuron by preventing inflammation and apoptosis | in vivo | [202,210,211,217] | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | Inhibited aggregation of hTau40 | in vitro | [212] | ||
| Hyperuricemic nephropathy | Exhibited nephroprotective effects | in vivo | [213,214] | ||
| Osteoarthritis | Inhibited disease progression and improved cartilage metabolism | in vivo | [216] | ||
| Acute liver injury | Improved liver function | in vitro and in vivo | [218] | ||
| Pancreatitis | Inhibited pyroptosis and inflammation | in vivo | [219] | ||
| Daidzein | Equol | Melanoma | Inhibited tumor growth | in vitro and in vivo | [232] |
| Breast cancer | Promoted tumor growth | in vitro | [232] | ||
| Depression | Decreased inflammation and normalized neurotransmitter levels | in vivo | [233] | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | Decreased neurotoxicity | in vitro and in vivo | [234] | ||
| Curcumin | Tetrahydrocurcumin | Cardiomyopathy | Decreased oxidative stress and fibrosis | in vivo | [239] |
| Ischemic/reperfusion injury | Promoted mitochondria function; Prevented apoptosis | in vitro and in vivo | [240,241] | ||
| Brain inflammation | Reduced inflammation and oxidative stress | in vitro | [242] | ||
| Quercetin and Catechin | 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propi-onic acid | Decreased blood pressure | Human study, in vivo | [246,247] | |
| Promoted growth and inhibited senescence of osteoblastic cell | in vivo | [248] | |||
| Inhibited osteoclastogenesis | in vitro | [249] | |||
| Parkinson’s disease | Prevented aggregation of α-synuclein | in vitro | [250] | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | Prevented neurotoxic accumulation of β-amyloid | in vitro and in vivo | [254] | ||
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | 4′-NH2-EGCG | Colon cancer | Eliminated toxic compounds and inhibited growth of cancer cells | in vivo | [257] |
| Anthocyanin | Protocatechuic acid | Inhibited platelet apoptosis | in vitro | [264] | |
| Type 2 diabetes | Improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity | in vivo | [263] | ||
| Depressive disorder from chronic stress | Attenuated depressive behaviors and inflammation | in vivo | [265] | ||
| Capsaicin | Capsiate | Intestinal ischemic/reperfusion injury | Reduced IRI by inhibiting ferroptosis | in vitro and in vivo | [266] |
| Cocoa polyphenols | 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid | Parkinson’s disease | Inhibited α-synuclein assembly | in vitro and in vivo | [267] |
Abbreviations: EGCG—epigallocatechin-3-gallate. IRI—ischemic/reperfusion injury.