Table 2.
Modulation of colonic microbiota by phytochemicals and their effects on diseases.
| Diseases | Phytochemicals or Diets | Alteration of Colonic Microbiota | Therapeutic Effects | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Curcumin |
Lactobacillus ↑; Recovery of dysbiosis |
Survival rate ↑ Hyperplasia ↓ Aberrant localization of β-catenin ↓ |
Mouse | [281] |
| Kaempferol | Anaerostipes; Desulfovibrio; Helicobacter; Clostridium lavalense; Eubacterium desmolans ↓ | Intestinal polyps ↓ Proinflammatory cytokines ↓ Bile-acid-synthesizing enzymes ↑ |
Mouse | [293] | |
| Hepato-cellular carcinoma | Zn(II)-curcumin | Recovery of dysbiosis |
Tumor growth ↓ Zinc homeostasis↑ Chemosensitizing ↑ |
Rat | [282] |
| Curcumin | Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus ↑ | Tumor proliferation ↓ Chemosensitivity to 5- Fluorouracil ↑ |
Mouse | [283] | |
| Breast cancer | Green tea polyphenol |
Adlercreutzia; Lactobacillus; Lachnospiraceae ↑ |
Delayed onset of the disease | Mouse | [284] |
| Radiation-induced intestinal injury | EGCG |
Turicibacter; Lactobacillus ↑ Recovery of dysbiosis |
Crypt cell Proliferation ↑ Intestinal stem cell survival ↑ | Mouse | [291] |
| Fibrosarcoma | Castalagin | Ruminococcaceae; Alistipes; Christensenellaceae R-7 group; Paraprevotella ↑ | CD8+ T cells ↑ Tumor size ↓ |
Mouse | [292] |
| Bladder cancer | Sulforaphane | Clostridium cluster I | Submucosal capillary growth ↓ IL-6, SIgA ↓ Normalization of colon tissue and tight junction proteins |
Mouse | [269] |
| Obesity | (polyphenol-rich) Mediterra-nean diet | Bacteroides massiliensis; Paraprevotella clara ↑ | Weight gain ↓ Sustained glycemic control |
Human | [294] |
| Resveratrol | Desulfovibrio; Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 ↓ | Tight junction proteins ↑ Transcription of lipid oxidation- and thermogenic- related genes |
Mouse | [300] | |
| Quercetin |
Firmicutes
↓
Lachnospiraceae; Ruminicoccaceae ↑ |
Eosinophilic neurons ↓ Weight gain ↓ Hepatic lipid deposition↓ Mucus secretion ↑ |
Mouse | [308] | |
| Isoquercetin (with inulin) |
Lachnospiraceae
↑
Rikenellaceae ↓ |
Weight gain ↓ Insulin resistance ↓ Improved Glucose tolerance |
Mouse | [309] | |
| Proantho-cyanidin | Adlercreutzia equolifaciens; Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ | Number of goblet cells ↑ Improved glucose tolerance |
Mouse | [310] | |
| Proantho-cyanidin | Clostridium XIVa; Roseburia; Prevotella ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ JNK and NF-κB signaling ↓ Insulin resistance ↓ |
Mouse | [311] | |
| EGCG | Akkermansia; Bacteroides; Parasutterella ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ NF-κB signaling ↓ |
Mouse | [314] | |
| Obesity and hepatic steatosis | Curcumin | Bacteroides; Akkermansia; Parabacteroides; Alistipes; Alloprevotella ↑ | Weight gain ↓ Insulin resistance ↓ Glucose tolerance ↑ Lipid accumulation ↓ Circulating LPS levels ↓ |
Mouse | [303] |
| Allicin | Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus ↑ | Adiposity ↓ Glucose homeostasis |
Mouse | [307] | |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | Curcumin | Butyricicoccus; Lactobacillus ↑ | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ↓ Lipid accumulation ↓ Tight junctions ↑ |
Mouse | [304] |
| Hyper-cholesterol | Oat | Akkermansia muciniphila; Roseburia ↑ | Total cholesterol ↓ Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ↓ |
Human | [297] |
| Uric acid nephropathy | Curcumin | Escherichia-Shigella; Bacteroides ↓ | Serum level of uric acid↓ Detrimental histopathologic changes in kidney ↓ |
Rat | [305] |
| Intestinal inflammation | EGCG | Recovery of dysbiosis | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Tight junction proteins ↑ Superoxide dismutase ↑ Glutathione peroxidase ↑ |
Mouse | [312] |
| EGCG |
Enterobacteriales ↓ Recovery of dysbiosis |
Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ | Mouse | [315] | |
| Protocate-chuic acid | Roseburia; Desulfovibrio | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Tight junction proteins ↑ |
Piglet | [320] | |
| Vanillic acid | Prevotellaceae ↓ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Tight junction proteins ↑ |
Piglet | [321] | |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Resveratrol | Lactobacillus reuteri ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Anti-inflammatory cytokines ↑ |
Mouse | [302] |
| Colitis | EGCG | Akkermansia ↑ | SCFA ↑ IL-8 ↓ | Mouse | [313] |
| Resveratrol | Ruminococcus gnavus; Akkermansia ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ | Mouse | [316] | |
| Resveratrol | Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ↓ |
Mouse | [317] | |
| Urolithin A | Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ | Rat | [319] | |
| Curcumin | Clostridium cluster IV and XIVa ↑ | CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells ↑ | Mouse | [322] | |
| Allergic asthma | Resveratrol | Bacteroides; Akkermansia ↑ | Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ Tight junction proteins ↑ |
Mouse | [318] |
| Healthy condition | Aronia berry extract | Anaerostipes; Bifidobacterium ↑ | Vascular function ↑ | Human | [325] |
| Atherosclerosis | Resveratrol | Bacteroides; Lactobacillus; Bifidobacterium; Akkermansia ↑ | Trimethylamine-N-oxide synthesis ↓ | Mouse | [328,340] |
| Geraniin | Bacteroides; Alloprevotella; Alistipes ↑ | Trimethylamine-N-oxide synthesis ↓ Lipid uptake in macrophages ↓ Pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ |
Mouse | [329] | |
| Peanut skin extract | Roseburia; Akkermansia; Bifidobacterium ↑ | Atherosclerotic plaques ↓ | Mouse | [330] | |
| Anxiety | Curcumin | Muribaculaceae ↑ | Anxiety-related behaviors ↓ Phosphatidylcholine in prefrontal cortex ↓ | Mouse | [338,341] |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Quercetin |
Barnesiella; Lactobacillus; Parasutterella ↑ Recovery of dysbiosis |
Spatial Memory Impairment ↓ Neuroinflammation ↓ Apoptosis of hippocampus neurons ↓ |
Mouse | [339] |
Abbreviations: EGCG—epigallocatechin-3-gallate; IL—interleukin; JNK—c-Jun-N-terminal kinase; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; SIgA—secretory immunoglobulin A; Arrows indicate substantial increases (↑) and decreases (↓).