Table 5.

Medication and Effects on the SARS-CoV-2 Virus.

Drug Class	Mechanism of Action	Receptor	COVID-19 Action
Angiotensin converting enzyme-1 inhibitors	Increase in ACE expression	Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)	Reduced susceptibility and lung protection [30]
Angiotensin II receptor blockers	Possible Increase in ACE expression	Angiotensin II receptor	Reduced susceptibility and lung protection [31]
Calcium Channel Blockers	Blocks Cav1.2 L-channel pores—external and internal surfaces	Cav1.2 L-channel pores	Antiviral effect [32,33]
Diuretics	Blockade of resorption of sodium/water block Cl-receptor channel	Tubule or connecting/loop/collecting duct vasopressin receptors	No effect [34]
Beta-blockers	Blocks macrophage catecholamine receptors	Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor	Beneficial effect in pneumonia by reducing hyperinflammation [35]