Table 1.
Participant characteristics by recovery status of dyspnoea symptoms from 5 months to 1 year after enrolment.
| PHOSP-COVID (hospitalised COVID-19 cases) |
COVIDENCE UK (community controls) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (n = 990) | Improved dyspnoea (n = 369) | Worse or persistent dyspnoea (n = 621) | All participants (n = 3309) | Improved dyspnoea (n = 915) | Worse or persistent dyspnoea (n = 2394) | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 59.1 (11.9) | 57.9 (12.1) | 59.9 (11.6) | 61.1 (13.1) | 61.0 (12.5) | 61.2 (13.3) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 443 (44.7%) | 151 (40.9%) | 292 (47.0%) | 2555 (77.2%) | 672 (73.4%) | 1883 (78.7%) |
| Male | 547 (55.3%) | 218 (59.1%) | 329 (53.0%) | 754 (22.8%) | 243 (26.6%) | 511 (21.3%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 760 (76.8%) | 276 (74.8%) | 484 (77.9%) | 3167 (95.7%) | 877 (95.8%) | 2290 (95.7%) |
| Black | 70 (7.1%) | 29 (7.9%) | 41 (6.6%) | 15 (0.5%) | 6 (0.7%) | 9 (0.4%) |
| South Asian | 98 (9.9%) | 40 (10.8%) | 58 (9.3%) | 38 (1.1%) | 7 (0.8%) | 31 (1.3%) |
| Mixed | 23 (2.3%) | 9 (2.4%) | 14 (2.3%) | 54 (1.6%) | 14 (1.5%) | 40 (1.7%) |
| Other | 39 (3.9%) | 15 (4.1%) | 24 (3.9%) | 35 (1.1%) | 11 (1.2%) | 24 (1.0%) |
| IMD quintile | ||||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 172/987 (17.4%) | 70/368 (19.0%) | 102/619 (16.5%) | 935 (28.3%) | 280 (30.6%) | 655 (27.4%) |
| 2 | 169/987 (17.1%) | 63/368 (17.1%) | 106/619 (17.1%) | 855 (25.8%) | 245 (26.8%) | 610 (25.5%) |
| 3 | 182/987 (18.4%) | 64/368 (17.4%) | 118/619 (19.1%) | 734 (22.2%) | 195 (21.3%) | 539 (22.5%) |
| 4 | 230/987 (23.3%) | 85/368 (23.1%) | 145/619 (23.4%) | 520 (15.7%) | 132 (14.4%) | 388 (16.2%) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 234/987 (23.7%) | 86/368 (23.4%) | 148/619 (23.9%) | 265 (8.0%) | 63 (6.9%) | 202 (8.4%) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 (6.7) | 31.8 (6.6) | 32.8 (6.8) | 28.7 (6.3) | 28.0 (6.1) | 29.0 (6.4) |
| <25 (normal or underweight) | 70/692 (10.1%) | 34/255 (13.3%) | 36/437 (8.2%) | 1031/3302 (31.2%) | 321 (35.1%) | 710/2387 (29.7%) |
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | 206/692 (29.8%) | 81/255 (31.8%) | 125/437 (28.6%) | 1106/3302 (33.5%) | 326 (35.6%) | 780/2387 (32.7%) |
| 30 to <40 (obese) | 330/692 (47.7%) | 115/255 (45.1%) | 215/437 (49.2%) | 990/3302 (30.0%) | 226 (24.7%) | 764/2387 (32.0%) |
| ≥40 (severely obese) | 86/692 (12.4%) | 25/255 (9.8%) | 61/437 (14.0%) | 175/3302 (5.3%) | 42 (4.6%) | 133/2387 (5.6%) |
| Current or ex-smoker | 433/916 (47.3%) | 148/337 (43.9%) | 285/579 (49.2%) | 1631 (49.3%) | 445 (48.6%) | 1186/2387 (49.5%) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 484 (48.9%) | 162 (43.9%) | 322 (51.9%) | 210 (6.3%) | 47 (5.1%) | 163 (6.8%) |
| Respiratory disease | 292 (29.5%) | 112 (30.4%) | 180 (29.0%) | 784 (23.7%) | 209 (22.8%) | 575 (24.0%) |
| Depression or anxiety | 195 (19.7%) | 62 (16.8%) | 133 (21.4%) | 1165/3307 (35.2%) | 302 (33.0%) | 863/2392 (36.1%) |
| MRC Dyspnoea score at 5 monthsa | ||||||
| 2 | 345 (34.9%) | 114 (30.9%) | 231 (37.2%) | 2881 (87.1%) | 742 (81.1%) | 2139 (89.3%) |
| 3 | 305 (30.8%) | 111 (30.1%) | 194 (31.2%) | 341 (10.3%) | 130 (14.2%) | 211 (8.8%) |
| 4 | 207 (20.9%) | 81 (21.9%) | 126 (20.3%) | 81 (2.4%) | 40 (4.4%) | 41 (1.7%) |
| 5 | 133 (13.4%) | 63 (17.1%) | 70 (11.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | 3 (0.3%) | 3 (0.1%) |
| Hospitalisation characteristics | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay, days | 8 (4–17) | 8 (4–15) | 8 (4–19) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO clinical progression scale | .. | .. | .. | |||
| WHO – class 3–4 | 149 (15.1%) | 56 (15.2%) | 93 (15.0%) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 5 | 420 (42.4%) | 155 (42.0%) | 265 (42.7%) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 6 | 230 (23.2%) | 95 (25.7%) | 135 (21.7%) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 7–9 | 191 (19.3%) | 63 (17.1%) | 128 (20.6%) | .. | .. | .. |
| Pulmonary embolism during hospitalisation | 96/950 (10.1%) | 41/349 (11.7%) | 55/601 (9.2%) | .. | .. | .. |
| Treatment during hospitalisation | .. | .. | .. | |||
| Proning | 179/891 (20.1%) | 66/326 (20.2%) | 113/565 (20.0%) | .. | .. | .. |
| Antibiotic therapy | 751/969 (77.5%) | 271/359 (75.5%) | 480/610 (78.7%) | .. | .. | .. |
| Systemic (oral or IV) steroids | 547/944 (57.9%) | 212/352 (60.2%) | 335/592 (56.6%) | .. | .. | .. |
| Therapeutic dose anticoagulation | 437/935 (46.7%) | 170/350 (48.6%) | 267/585 (45.6%) | .. | .. | .. |
Data are n (%), mean (SD), or median (IQR). BMI = body-mass index. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. IV = intravenous. MRC = Medical Research Council. WHO = World Health Organization.
a
Participants with no dyspnoea symptoms (MRC score = 1) at 5 months were excluded from this analysis.