Table 2.
Associations between participant characteristics and improvement of dyspnoea symptoms from 5 months to 1 year.
| PHOSP-COVID hospitalised COVID-19 cases (n = 990) |
COVIDENCE UK community controls (n = 3309) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable (including hospitalisation variables) | Multivariable (excluding hospitalisation variables) | Univariable | Multivariable | |
| Age, per year | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | .. |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | 0.65 (0.49–0.86) | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) |
| Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Black | 1.24 (0.75–2.04) | .. | .. | 1.74 (0.62–4.90) | .. |
| South Asian | 1.21 (0.79–1.86) | .. | .. | 0.59 (0.26–1.34) | .. |
| Mixed | 1.13 (0.48–2.64) | .. | .. | 0.91 (0.49–1.69) | .. |
| Other | 1.10 (0.57–2.12) | .. | .. | 1.20 (0.58–2.45) | .. |
| IMD quintile | |||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| 2 | 0.87 (0.56–1.34) | .. | .. | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | .. |
| 3 | 0.79 (0.51–1.22) | .. | .. | 0.85 (0.68–1.05) | .. |
| 4 | 0.85 (0.57–1.28) | .. | .. | 0.80 (0.62–1.01) | .. |
| 5 (most deprived) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | .. | .. | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | .. |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| <25 (normal or underweight) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | 0.69 (0.40–1.18) | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) |
| 30 to <40 (obese) | 0.57 (0.34–0.95) | 0.55 (0.32–0.94) | 0.58 (0.34–0.99) | 0.65 (0.54–0.80) | 0.62 (0.50–0.75) |
| ≥40 (severely obese) | 0.43 (0.22–0.84) | 0.36 (0.18–0.72) | 0.38 (0.19–0.75) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.51 (0.34–0.75) |
| Current or ex-smoker | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | .. | .. | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | .. |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) |
| Respiratory disease | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | .. | .. | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | .. |
| Depression or anxiety | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94) | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) |
| Length of hospital stay, per day | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO clinical progression scale | |||||
| WHO – class 3–4 | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 5 | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 6 | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 7–9 | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Pulmonary embolism during hospitalisation | 1.32 (0.86–2.03) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Treatment during hospitalisation | |||||
| Proning | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Antibiotic therapy | 0.83 (0.61–1.14) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Systemic (oral or IV) steroids | 1.16 (0.89–1.52) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Therapeutic dose anticoagulation | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| MRC Dyspnoea score at 5 monthsa | |||||
| 2 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 3 | 1.16 (0.84–1.60) | 1.33 (0.95–1.85) | 1.29 (0.92–1.79) | 1.78 (1.41–2.24) | 2.09 (1.64–2.68) |
| 4 | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | 1.77 (1.21–2.60) | 1.70 (1.16–2.48) | 2.81 (1.80–4.38) | 3.79 (2.37–6.05) |
| 5 | 1.82 (1.21–2.74) | 2.57 (1.66–3.99) | 2.37 (1.54–3.64) | 2.88 (0.58–14.31) | 3.37 (0.66–17.08) |
Data are odds ratio (95% CI), with worse or persistent dyspnoea as the reference category. BMI = body-mass index. IMD=Index of Multiple Deprivation. IV = intravenous. MRC = Medical Research Council. WHO = World Health Organization.
a
Participants with no dyspnoea symptoms (MRC score = 1) at 5 months were excluded from this analysis.