Table 3.
Associations between participants characteristics and development or worsening of dyspnoea symptoms at 1 year.
| PHOSP-COVID hospitalised COVID-19 cases (n = 1151) |
COVIDENCE UK community controls (n = 12,408) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable (including hospitalisation variables) | Multivariable (excluding hospitalisation variables) | Univariable | Multivariable | |
| Age, per year | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | .. |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1.71 (1.34–2.17) | 2.28 (1.73–2.99) | 2.13 (1.63–2.79) | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) |
| Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Black | 1.26 (0.79–2.01) | .. | .. | 1.11 (0.50–2.45) | .. |
| South Asian | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | .. | .. | 1.17 (0.74–1.86) | .. |
| Mixed | 0.66 (0.30–1.46) | .. | .. | 1.57 (1.02–2.42) | .. |
| Other | 1.54 (0.84–2.85) | .. | .. | 0.70 (0.37–1.34) | .. |
| IMD quintile | |||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | .. |
| 2 | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) | 1.26 (0.84–1.89) | 1.25 (0.84–1.86) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | .. |
| 3 | 1.57 (1.08–2.29) | 1.68 (1.12–2.52) | 1.62 (1.09–2.43) | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | .. |
| 4 | 1.53 (1.07–2.19) | 1.73 (1.18–2.55) | 1.68 (1.14–2.46) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | .. |
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.83 (1.27–2.64) | 1.93 (1.29–2.87) | 1.93 (1.30–2.87) | 1.27 (1.01–1.61) | .. |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| <25 (normal or underweight) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 25 to <30 (overweight) | 1.45 (0.90–2.34) | 1.53 (0.91–2.57) | 1.56 (0.94–2.59) | 1.48 (1.29–1.69) | 1.69 (1.47–1.94) |
| 30 to <40 (obese) | 2.00 (1.26–3.15) | 2.22 (1.35–3.64) | 2.20 (1.35–3.57) | 2.34 (2.02–2.72) | 3.46 (2.95–4.06) |
| ≥40 (severely obese) | 3.14 (1.70–5.79) | 4.19 (2.14–8.19) | 4.23 (2.18–8.23) | 3.01 (2.20–4.13) | 5.98 (4.24–8.43) |
| Current or ex-smoker | 1.38 (1.08–1.77) | 1.59 (1.21–2.09) | 1.58 (1.21–2.07) | 1.35 (1.20–1.51) | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | .. | .. | 1.33 (1.01–1.74) | 1.69 (1.27–2.25) |
| Respiratory disease | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) | .. | .. | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) |
| Depression or anxiety | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) | 1.52 (1.05–2.20) | 1.51 (1.05–2.17) | 1.54 (1.36–1.74) | 1.68 (1.48–1.91) |
| Length of hospital stay, per day | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO clinical progression scale | |||||
| WHO – class 3–4 | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 5 | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 6 | 0.98 (0.66–1.44) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| WHO – class 7–9 | 1.81 (1.19–2.74) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Pulmonary embolism during hospitalisation | 1.15 (0.78–1.70) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Treatment during hospitalisation | |||||
| Proning | 1.30 (0.97–1.76) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Antibiotic therapy | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Systemic (oral or IV) steroids | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Therapeutic dose anticoagulation | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| MRC Dyspnoea score before COVID-19 or at baselinea | |||||
| 1 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 2 | 0.66 (0.48–0.90) | 0.52 (0.37–0.72) | 0.51 (0.36–0.71) | 0.42 (0.36–0.50) | 0.24 (0.20–0.29) |
| 3 | 0.37 (0.25–0.53) | 0.22 (0.15–0.33) | 0.22 (0.15–0.33) | 0.54 (0.34–0.84) | 0.20 (0.12–0.32) |
| 4 | 0.32 (0.19–0.54) | 0.18 (0.10–0.31) | 0.17 (0.09–0.30) | 0.28 (0.09–0.88) | 0.09 (0.03–0.30) |
Data are odds ratio (95% CI), with stable or improved dyspnoea as the reference category. Missing values for IMD (n < 5), smoking status (n = 94), BMI (n = 379), pulmonary embolism (n = 53), and the use of proning (n = 123), antibiotics (n = 36), systemic steroids (n = 61), and therapeutic dose anticoagulation (n = 65) in the PHOSP dataset and for depression and anxiety (n = 8) were treated as modelled as separate categories. BMI = body-mass index. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. IV = intravenous. MRC = Medical Research Council. WHO = World Health Organization.
Recalled pre-COVID-19 score for PHOSP-COVID participants and baseline score for COVIDENCE UK participants. Participants with the highest degree of dyspnoea (MRC score = 5) at study entry were excluded from this analysis.