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. 2023 Apr 21;13(4):579. doi: 10.3390/metabo13040579

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) score plots representing the statistically significant supervised separation of maternal composite subjective distress in males (A), maternal objective hardship in males (B), maternal composite subjective distress in females (C) and maternal objective hardship in females (D) comparisons. Each triangle and square represent one individual, plotted using urinary metabolites found to be statistically significant by VIAVC testing. Shaded ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval. The x-axis represents between-group (predictive) variation, whereas the y-axis represents within-group (orthogonal) variation.