. 2023 Mar 31;15(4):1117. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041117

Table 2.

Single extracts inducing apoptosis.

Compound/Extract	Source	Experimental Model	Dose; Duration	Efficacy	Mechanism	Ref.
Acetone extract of leaves and branchlets	Juniperus foetidissima	EJ-138	=43.263.21, 44.274.25 and 26.172.96 μM	Induction of proliferation and cytotoxicity		[44]
Acetone extract of leaves and branchlets	Juniperus foetidissima	Caov-4	=25.723.13, 57.384.56 and 37.354.13 μM	Induction of proliferation and cytotoxicity		[44]
Black bryony aqueous extract	Tamus communis L.	T24	0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis		[45]
Brazilian red propolis ethanolic extract		5637	50 μg/mL; 24 h	Induction of early apoptosis	↑Bcl-2, Bax, AIF, caspase-9, caspase-3, p53 ↓Bax/Bcl-2 ratio	[46]
Brazilian red propolis ethanolic extract		5637	100 μg/mL; 24 h	Induction of early apoptosis, late apoptosis or death	↑Bax/Bcl-2 ratio ↓Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9	[46]
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Oil	Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.	T24	0.078, 0.156, 0.313, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑caspase-3, -9 ↓NF-κB p65, COX-2	[47]
Butcher’s broom aqueous extract	Ruscus aculeatus L.	T24	0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis		[45]
Celastrus kusanoi Hayata CHCl3 extracts from stems	Celastrus kusanoi Hayata	NTUB1	5, 10 μM; 24 h	Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis	↑ROS	[48]
Dichloromethane Leaf extract	Lepidium latifolium L.	UM-UC-3	IC₅₀ 133.8 μg/mL; 24 h	Induction of cytotoxicity		[16]
Ethanol extracts of peel (EECU)	Citrus unshiu Marknovich	T24	0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 μg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑ROS, Caspase -8, -9, -3 ↓P13K, Akt, LY294002	[49]
Garlic extract	Allium sativum L.	T24 bearing BALB/c mice	20, 200, 1000 mg/kg; 43 days	Inhibition of proliferation		[50]
Garlic extract	Allium sativum L.	T24 bearing BALB/c mice	1000 mg/kg; 43 days	Inhibition of proliferation	↑AKAP12, RDX ↓RAB13	[50]
Glycoalkaloidic extract	Solanum lycocarpum	RT4	5, 10 μg/mL; 24 h	Induction of apoptosis		[51]
Grape seed extract (GSE)		T24	50, 100 μg/mL; 24, 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑cleaved caspase-3, -9, cleaved-PARP ↓Mcl-1	[52]
				Induction of apoptosis	↑cleaved caspase-3, -9, cleaved-PARP ↓Mcl-1
		HTB9	25, 50, 100 μg/mL; 24, 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑cleaved caspase-3, -9, cleaved-PARP ↓Mcl-1
Herbal extract	Guizhi Fuling Wan	BFTC 905, TSGH 8301	0, 0.5, 1 g/mL; 24 h	Induction of cell cycle and apoptosis	↑CHK2, p21 ↓CDK2-cyclin E, A, and A complexes	[53]
Ipomoea obscura (L.) alcoholic extract	Ipomoea obscura (L.)	Swiss albino mice	10 mg/kg; 4, 24, 48 h	Induction of uro- and nephrotoxicities	↑IFN-γ, IL-2 ↓TNF-α	[54]
Lemongrass essential oil	Cymbopogon citratus Stapf	MNU-treated female BALB/c mice	500 mg/kg; 5 weeks	Reduction in proliferation and apoptotic index		[55]
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP)	Lycium barbarum	BIU87	400, 800, 1200 μg/mL; 48 h	Inhibition of proliferation	↑P21, P27 ↓p-AKT	[56]
Methanol extract of the roots and solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractions	Trillium govanianum	MCF7, HepG2, A549, EJ138	=5, 7, 9, 5 μg/mL	Induction of Cytotoxicity		[57]
Mulberry water extract (MWE)	Morus alba	TSGH8301	25, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 μg/mL; 24, 48 h	Increase in apoptotic effect of paclitaxel	↑p-cdc2, p-cyclin B1, p-aurora A, p-plk1, PTEN, caspase-3 ↓EEA1	[58]
Pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POA) from stem bark and leaves of Uncaria tomenotosa	Uncaria tomenotosa	Human leukocytes	=33.80 to 736.23 μM (OAPFs) and 44.32 μM (CE)	Induction of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity		[59]
		T24	=181.68 to 267.05 μM (OAPFs) and =9.54 μM (CESII)
		U-251-MG	=351.64 to 403.50 μM (OAPFs) and CESII being ineffective
Polyphenolic fraction from Punica granatum L.	Punica granatum L.	T24	50 μg/mL; 48 h	Inhibition of oxidation and proliferation		[60]
Pomegranate fruit ethanol extract	Punica granatum	T24	50, 100 μg/mL; 24, 48, 72 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑pro-caspase-3, -8,-9, -12 Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, CHOP, Bip	[61]
Pomegranate fruit ethanol extract (PFE)	Punicagranatum	T24, J82, TSGH8301	50 μg/mL; 72 h	Inhibition of proliferation		[62]
		T24	50 μg/mL; 48 h		↑profilin 1 ↓PTEN, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR
		T24	50 μg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑Diablo ↓XIAP
spray-dried acai pulp (AP)	Euterpe oleraceae Martius	male Swiss mice	standard diet containing 5% AP; 10 weeks	Inhibition of proliferation	↓p63, PCNA	[63]
spray-dried acai pulp (AP)	Euterpe oleraceae Martius	male Swiss mice	standard diet containing 5% AP; 3 weeks	Inhibition of proliferation	↓DNA damage levels induced by H2O2	[63]
Tinospora cordifolia alcoholic extract	Tinospora cordifolia	Swiss albino mice	200 mg/kg; 4, 24, 48 h	Induction of apoptosis	↑GSH, IFN-γ, IL-2 ↓TNF-α	[64]
Wild asparagus aqueous extract	Asparagus acutifolius L.	T24	0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL; 48 h	Induction of apoptosis		[45]

Footer: ↑, Up-regulation; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2 Associated X-protein; AIF, Apoptosis-inducing factor; ↓, Down-regulation; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; COX, Cyclooxygenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, Protein kinase B; AKAP12, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 12; RDX, Radixin; PARP, Poly ADP-ribose polymerase; Mcl-1, Myeloid cell leukemia 1; Cdk2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-2, Interleukin-2; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; EEA1, Early Endosome Antigen 1; CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; Bip, Binding immunoglobulin protein; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; GSH, Reduced glutathione.