Table 1.
Studies summarising the effects of perhexiline on various cancer cells in vitro.
| Study | Cancer | Cell Lines | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ramu et al. (1984) [27] | BCL | P388 P388/ADR |
Re-sensitised DOX-resistant P388/ADR to DOX. |
| Foster et al. (1988) [28] | BRCA | MCF-7 MCF-7/ADR |
Re-sensitised DOX-resistant MCF-7/ADR to DOX. Increased intracellular DOX accumulation. |
| Balgi et al. (2009) [29] | BRCA | MCF-7 | Induced autophagy. Inhibited mTOR signalling. |
| Ren et al. (2015) [24] | BRCA | MDA-MB-468 | Inhibited growth. |
| SK-BR-3 | Induced HER3 internalisation and degradation. | ||
| AU565 | Synergistic with lapatinib. | ||
| BT474 | Overcame lapatinib induced resistance. | ||
| Rodriguez-Enriquez et al. (2015) [23] | BRCA CAC CRC Lung Fibroblast |
MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-468 MCF-7 HeLa COLO205 A-549 3T3 CCD-25Lu |
Inhibited growth. |
| Liu et al. (2016) [30] | CLL | Primary CLL, normal lymphocytes | Inhibited growth. Induced apoptosis. Did not decrease oxygen consumption. |
| Batra & Alenfall (1991) [31] | CRC | HT-29 | Inhibited growth. |
| Dhakal et al. (2022) [25] | CRC Fibroblast |
COLO205 HCT116 HT-29 SW480 SW620 PDO HFF |
Inhibited growth. Induced apoptosis. |
| Wang et al. (2020) [32] | CRC GC |
HCT116 DLD-1 HGC27 MGC803 GES-1 CCD841 |
Induced apoptosis associated with decreased FAO, NADPH/NADP+ ratio, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Increased ROS levels. Synergistic with oxaliplatin. |
| Zhu et al. (2019) [33] | EOC | OVCAR3, CAOV3, OV90 | Inhibited Akt/mTOR/S6K. Increased apoptosis |
| Kant et al. (2020) [34] | GBM | PN19 MES83 T98G U251 |
Anti-tumoral effects of PHX were independent of CPT and FAO inhibition. |
| Agren et al. (2014) [35] | HCC | HepG2 | Inhibited growth. |
| Brown et al. (2018) [36] | HCC | Murine and human CD4+ T cells | Rescued fatty acid-induced apoptosis. |
| Xu et al. (2018) [37] | HCC | Hep3B Huh7 |
Showed effects on glycolysis, OXPHOS and FAO. Inhibited growth. Induced apoptosis. Upregulated AMPK. |
| Xu et al. (2019) [38] |
MM | RPMI8226 OPM2 |
Decreased viability. Induced apoptosis. |
| Vella et al. (2015) [39] | NB | Increased expression of NDM29 ncRNA Downregulated ABC transporter (ABCA1, ABCA12) and solute carrier (SLC7A11) expression. Synergistic with cisplatin. |
|
| Rathore et al. (2021) [40] | OSS | NOS1 | Did not alter oxygen consumption. Inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell deat, and reduced total RSP6 and mTOR at higher concentration. Synergistic with NCT-503. |
| Ghaffari et al. (2015) [41] | PC, SCC | PC-3, A-431 | Reduced viability. |
| Flaig et al. (2017) [42] | PC | 22Rv1 MDV3100-resistant LNCaP TRAMPC1 |
Combination treatments synergistically reduced proliferation. |
| Itkonen et al. (2017) [43] | PC | LNCaP | Increased intracellular lipid accumulation. Decreased proliferation. Induced apoptosis and incomplete autophagy. Blocked proliferation in combination with MVD-3100 or ABI. |
| Nassar et al. (2020) [44] | PC | LNCaP C4-2B 22RV1 |
Decreased viability of cells. Downregulated expression of cell-cycle related genes CDK4, CDK6, AURKB, CCD20, CCND1, CCNE2, and E2F1 Increased G0–G1 cells. Increased cleaved PARP levels and apoptotic cells. Synergistic with AUY922. |
| Schnell et al. (2015) [45] | T-ALL | HPB-ALL DND41 JURKAT CCRF-CEM CUTLL1 RPMI8402 |
Induced strong anti-leukemic responses in T-ALL cells with and without NOTCH1 mutations. Anti-leukemic in primary human T-ALL. |