Table 3.
Cases of Lactobacilli bacteremia confirmed to be associated with the same strain of oral Lactobacilli probiotic use.
| Probiotic | Method Used | Number of Bacteremia Cases | Lactobacilli Isolate Matched * | Age | Underlying Condition(s) | Recovered after Antibiotic Treatment | Reference | Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PFGE | 2 | 1 | Premature neonates | Short gut syndrome | Yes | No | [42] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | 16-s rRNA | 1 | 1 | 11 mon | Short gut syndrome, CVC | Yes | No | [56] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PCR | 2 | 2 | 6 yr 6 wk |
AAD, CVC | Yes | No | [57] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | 16-s rRNA | 1 | 1 | 17 yr | Ulcerative colitis | Yes | No | [58] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Rep PCR | 1 | 1 | 6 day | IUGR | Yes | No | [59] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PFGE | 1 | 1 | 64 yr | Ulcerative colitis, CAD | Yes | No | [60] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PFGE | 2 | 2 | 18 days, 3 mon | Premature infants, CAD, CVC | Yes | No | [11] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PCR | 1 | 1 | 54 yr | Leukemia | Yes | No | [61] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | WGS | 6 | 6 | 1–19 yr | ICU patients | Yes | No | [47] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | PCR | 1 | 3 | Neonates | ICU, CVC | Yes | No | [48] |
| Lcb. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | GS | 1 | 1 | Neonate | ICU, preterm, CVC | Yes | No | [62] |
| Lcb. paracasei in a 7-strain blend | GS | 6 | 1 | 10 mon–16 yr | Hematopoietic cell transplant, cancer | Yes | No | [38] |
| Lpb. plantarum in a 7-strain blend | 2 | Yes | No |
* Same strain found using genomic analysis in the blood sample and probiotic. Abbreviations: 16-s rRNA, 16s rRNA gene sequencing; AAD, antibiotic-associated diarrhea; CAD, cardioarterial disease; CVC, central venous catheter; GS, genomic sequencing, method not reported; ICU, intensive care unit; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; L., Lactobacillus; Lcb., Lacticaseibacillus; Lpb., Lactiplantibacillus; mon, months old; nr, not reported; PCR, PCR DNA fingerprint assay; PFGE, pulse field electrophoresis; rep-PCR, DNA fingerprint analysis; WGS, whole genome sequencing; wk, weeks; yr, years old.