Reported and postulated molecular mechanisms of tocotrienol-mediated ERS and ERS-related cell fate. Abbreviations: ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; ATF6, activating transcription factor 6; ATF6f, ATF6 fragment or cleaved form; CHOP, CAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD, ER-associated degradation; ERO1, ER oxidoreductin 1; IRE1α, inositol requiring element 1α; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PERK, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; TRB3, tribbles 3; UPR, unfolded protein response; Xbp1, X-box binding protein 1. The figure was created by authors using BioRender.com on 21 March 2023.