Table 3.
Studies included in the review.
| First Author (Publication Year) |
Country | Study Design | N | PFAS Concentrations (Median, ng/mL) |
Breastfeeding Duration (Median, Months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fei et al. (2010) [40] | Denmark | Prospective cohort study: Danish National Birth Cohort with data collection in years 1996–2002. | 1346 | PFOS: 33.4 PFOA: 5.2 |
Total: 7.9 Exclusive: 3.9 |
| Romano et al. (2016) [45] | USA | Prospective cohort study: The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment study with data collection in years 2003–2006. | 336 | PFOS: 13.9 PFOA: 5.5 PFHxS: 1.5 PFNA: 1.0 |
Total: 6 1
Exclusive: 0.07 1 |
| Timmerman et al. (2017) [44] | Faroe Islands |
Prospective cohort study: Two birth cohorts with data collection in years 1997–2000 and 2007–2009. | 987 | PFOS: 19.5 PFOA: 2.4 PFHxS: 1.5 PFNA: 0.6 PFDA: 0.3 |
Total: 9 Exclusive: 5 |
| Rosen et al. (2018) [42] | Norway | Prospective cohort study: Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study with data collection in years 1999–2008. | 1716 | PFOS: 12.9 PFOA: 2.56 PFHxS: 0.64 PFNA: 0.45 PFDA: 0.09 PFHpS: 0.14 PFUnDA: 0.19 PFDoDA: 0.04 PFTrDA: 0.04 |
Total: > 6 2 Exclusive: NA |
| Nielsen et al. (2022) [41] | Sweden | Natural experiment (contamination of drinking water): Municipality of Ronneby plus reference group from nearby municipality, children born in years 1999–2009. | 2374 | NA 3 | Total: 6–7 Exclusive: NI |
| Timmermann et al. (2022) [43] | Denmark | Prospective cohort study: Odense Child Cohort with data collection in years 2010–2012. | 925 | PFOS: 7.56 PFOA: 1.68 PFHxS: 0.35 PFNA: 0.64 PFDA: 0.29 ∑PFAS: 10.86 |
Total: 7.6 Exclusive: 2.5 |
NA: not assessed. NI: no information. 1 Among breastfeeding initiators only (81.3% of the population). 2 The women were not followed beyond 6 months, but only 21% had ceased breastfeeding at that time. 3 PFAS concentrations were not measured in the study population, but in Ronneby, women of childbearing age (21–40 years old) had geometric mean PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA concentrations of 60, 80, and 5 ng/mL, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in the reference population were 0.9, 3.2, and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively.