Table 5.
Effects of red wine consumption on hypertension.
| Ref. | Year | Author | SBP | DBP | SBP and DBP | Type of Study | Type of Wine | Subjects | Patients | Age Range | Total Number of Participants | Wine Consumption Duration (Days) |
Control | Dosage (mL/Day) |
Funding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [18] | 2002 | Foppa M | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M + F | HPN, obese | 35–65 | 13 | Acute | W | 250 (23 g ET) | Not declared | ||
| [31] | 2005 | Karatzi KN | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M + F | CVD | 40–60 | 15 | Acute | DRW | 250 | Not declared | ||
| [36] | 2005 | Zilkens RR | ↑ | RCT CO | RW | M | H | 20–65 | 24 | 29 | DRW, beer | 375 | National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia | ||
| [44] | 2006 | Papamichael C | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H, smokers | 25–35 | 20 | Acute | DRW | 250 | Not declared | ||
| [54] | 2007 | Spaak J | = | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 24–47 | 13 | Three occasions in 2 weeks | ET, W | 155 (18.6 g ET); 310 for the second dose | Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario (T4938, T4050) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research | ||
| [67] | 2012 | Chiva-Blanch G | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | RCT CO | RW, DRW | M | high CVD risk | 55–75 | 67 | 28 | DRW, gin | 30 g ET/d | Not declared |
| [69] | 2012 | Queipo-Ortuño MI | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M | H | 45–50 | 10 | 20 | DRW, gin | 272 | Institutional | ||
| [71] | 2013 | Barden AE | ↑ | RCT | RW | M | T2DM | 20–65 | 25 | Acute | DRW or W | 375 (41 g ET) | Not declared | ||
| [78] | 2015 | Fantin F | ↑ | = | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 25–53 | 18 | 1 | / | 300 (12% ET) | Not declared | |
| [79] | 2015 | Gepner Y | = | RCT | RW vs. W | M + F | T2DM | 50–65 | 27/27 | 6 months | W | 150 (16.9 g ET) | European Association for the Study of Diabetes | ||
| [82] | 2015 | Mori TA | ↑ § | RCT CO | RW vs. DRW | F | H | 25–49 | 24 | 28 × 3 | High RW vs. low RW vs. DRW | 200–300 (146–218 g ET/wk) | National Heart Foundation of Australia. | ||
| [86] | 2016 | Mori TA | = ° | RCT CO | RW vs. DRW vs. W | M + F | T2DM | 49–66 | 24 | 28 (per period) | RW vs. DRW vs. W | F: 230 (~24 g ET); M: 300 (~31 g ET) | Australian Health Management Group Medical Research Fund | ||
| [90] | 2017 | Barden AE | ↑ | RCT CO | RW/DRW | M | H | 20–65 | 22 | 28 | W | 375 | Institutional |
↑, increased HPN; =, no effect; ↓, reduced HPN; BP, blood pressure; CO, crossover; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DRW, de-alcoholised red wine; ET, ethanol; F, females; H, healthy; HPN, hypertension; M, males; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RW, red wine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; W, water; WW, white wine; °, increased 24-h BP and HR but reduced waking BP; §, in the DRW group, BP values were similarly elevated.