Table 7.
Effects of red wine consumption on lipid profile and homocysteine levels.
| Ref. | Year | Author | Cholesterol Efflux | RCTP | CM | Lipoprotein(a) | TG | TC | LDL | HDL-C | LDL/HDL | F2-Isoprostanes | Lipid Peroxidation | HCY | Type of Study | Type of Wine | Subjects | Patients | Age Range | Total Number of Participants | Wine Consumption Duration (Days) |
Control | Dosage (mL/Day) | Funding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [11] | 2000 | Caccetta RA | = | = | RCT | RW | M | H | 40–63 | 12 | Acute | PSRW, DRW or W | 5/kg BW | The National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Medical Research Foundation of Royal Perth Hospital | ||||||||||
| [12] | 2000 | Senault C | ↓ * | = | ↑ * | = | ↑ / ↓ § | RCT CO | RW | M | H | 18–35 | 56 | 14 | DRW, ET | 30 g of ET | ONIVINS and INSERM, Paris, France. | |||||||
| [13] | 2001 | Caccetta R | = | = | = | = | = / ↓ § | RCT | RW | M | H, smokers | 25–71 | 18 | 14 | WW, DRW | 375 | Australian Grape Wine Research and Development Corporation and the Medical Research Foundation of Royal Perth Hospital. | |||||||
| [16] | 2001 | van der Gaag MS | ↓ | = | = | = | ↑ | = | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H | 44–59 | 11 | 21 | Wine, beer, spirits, W |
Four glasses (40 g ET) | Not declared | ||||||
| [24] | 2004 | Naissides M | = § | ↑ / = § | RCT CO | RW | F | Dyslipidaemia postmenopausal | 50–70 | 17 | Acute (3 times in 2 weeks) | DRW, W | 400 | National Heart Foundation of Australia | ||||||||||
| [27] | 2005 | Coimbra SR | = | = | = | = | RCT | RW | M + F | Hypercholesterolaemia | 40–60 | 16 | 14 (×2) | Purple grape juice | 250 | FAPESP and Fundação Zerbini. | ||||||||
| [28] | 2005 | Avellone G | = | = | = | = | ↑ | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H | 35–65 | 48 | 4 + 4 weeks | Usual wine intake | 250 | Sicilian Agricultural Development Bureau | ||||||
| [30] | 2005 | Hansen AS | ↓ | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 38–74 | 69 | 28 | W + red grape extract, W + placebo | M: 300 mL/day, 38.3 g ET/day, F: 200 mL/day, 25.5 g ET/day | Not declared | |||||||||||
| [34] | 2005 | Tsang C | = | = | ↓ * | ↑ * | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 23–50 | 20 | 14 | W | 375 | Not declared | ||||||||
| [35] | 2005 | Ziegler S | = | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 22–32 | 60 | Acute | 2 RW, 1 WW | 300 | Jubiläumsfonds der Österreichischen National bank | |||||||||||
| [37] | 2006 | Banini AE | = | = | = | = | RCT | RW | M + F | T2DM, H | 45–75 | 29 | 28 | MJ, MW, or Dz-W | 150 | North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences | ||||||||
| [39] | 2006 | Blackhurst DM | = | RCT | RW | M + F | H | 25–45 | 15 | Acute | W | M: 230/F: 160 | Winetech (Wine Industry Network of Expertise and Technology), Stellenbosch, South Africa | |||||||||||
| [47] | 2007 | Gorelik | ↓ ° | RCT CO | RW | Not declared | H | 25–35 | 10 | Acute | # | 200 | BARD, The United States-Israel Agricultural Research and Development Fund. | |||||||||||
| [56] | 2008 | Gibson A | ↑ | RCT CO | RW | M | H | 21–70 | 78 | 14 | Vodka | 240 mL RW or 80 mL vodka (24 g ET) |
The Pantridge Foundation; National Institutes of Health | |||||||||||
| [59] | 2009 | Estruch | ↓ | = | = | = | ↑ | ↓ | RCT CO | RW | M | H | 30–50 | 40 | 28 | Gin | 30 g ET | Institutional | ||||||
| [63] | 2011 | Kechagias | = | = | ↓ | = | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H | 25–45 | 52 | 3 months | W | W: 150 (16 g ET) M: 300 ML (33 g ET) | Institutional | ||||||||
| [67] | 2012 | Chiva-Blanch | ↓ / ↑ § | = | = | ↓ ^ | ↑ ^ | ↓ | RCT CO | RW, DRW | M | High CVD risk | 55–75 | 67 | 28 | DRW, gin | 30 g ET | Institutional | ||||||
| [74] | 2013 | Droste | = | = | = | = | = | ↓ | RCT | RW | M + F | Carotid atherosclerosis | 55–75 | 56/52 | 20 weeks | Med diet, no alcohol | F 100; M 200 | Centre de Recherche Public-Santé | ||||||
| [86] | 2016 | Mori | = | ↑ | = | = | RCT CO | RW vs. DRW vs. W | M + F | T2DM | 49–66 | 24 | 28 | RW vs. DRW vs. water | W: 230 (~24 g ET); M: RW 300 (~31 g ET) | Australian Health Management Group Medical Research Fund | ||||||||
| [88] | 2016 | Chiu | = | = | ↓ ç | = | RCT | RW | M + F | H, Hypercholesterolaemic | ? | 21 | 10 weeks | RO extract | 250 | Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation (TTL) | ||||||||
| [91] | 2017 | Taborsky | = | = | ↓ [ | = | RCT multi-centre | RW vs. WW | M + F | H | 30–60 | 74/72 | 1 year | WW | 200–300 | Vino e Cuore, Ltd. | ||||||||
| [98] | 2022 | Briansó-Llort L | ↓ $ | = | = | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H | 30–50 | 26 | 28 | RW | 187 | Instituto de Salud Carlos III | |||||||||
| [100] | 2002 | Choleva M | = | = | = | = | RCT | RW | M + F | CAD | 50–75 | 64 | 2 months | ET, W | 200 | Graduate Program of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University and the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society. |
↑, increased; =, no effect; ↓, reduced. BW, body weight; CM, chylomicrons; CO, crossover; DRW, de-alcoholised red wine; Dz-W, de-alcoholised muscadine grape wine; ET, ethanol; F, female; H, healthy; HCY, homocysteine; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M, male; PSRW, polyphenol-stripped red wine; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RCTP, reverse cholesterol transport pathway; RO, red onion; RW, red wine; TG, triglycerides; W, water; WW, white wine; RTCP, the process by which cholesterol via HDL is directed from the peripheral tissues to the liver for subsequent excretion in the bile; lipoprotein (a), a type of lipoprotein that is responsible for transporting cholesterol in the blood and is considered a CVD risk factor that does not respond to standard LDL-lowering therapy; *, modest; §, DRW; °, inhibition of cytotoxic lipid peroxidation products (MDA); ^, only RW (not DRW); ç, results indicated that RO extract consumption rendered better cardioprotective effect than RW by altering cholesterol, improving antioxidation, and suppressing inflammatory marker levels, thereby, attenuating cardiovascular disease incidence; [, no difference compared with WW; #, A: 250 g turkey cutlets; W, B: soaked in RW after heating plus 200 mL of RW; C, soaked in RW prior to heating plus 200 mL of RW; $: only high resveratrol RW; ?, age was not provided.