Table 9.
Effects of red wine on glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
| Ref. | Year | Author | Fasting Glucose | 2 h Post-Meal Glucose | Fasting Insulin | Glycated Haemoglobin | Glucose/Insulin Ratio | HOMA-IR | ISI | Diabetic Nephropathy | SPMs | Type of Study | Type of Wine | Subjects | Patients | Age Range | Total Number of Participants | Wine Consumption Duration (Days) | Control | Dosage (mL/Day) |
Funding/Conflict of Interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [14] | 2001 | Ceriello A | ↑ | ↑ | RCT | RW | M + F | T2DM | 50–60 | 20 | 7 | W | 300 | Not declared | |||||||
| [27] | 2005 | Coimbra SR | = | RCT | RW | M + F | Hypercholesterolaemia | 40–60 | 16 | 14 (×2) | Purple grape juice | 250 | FAPESP and Fundação Zerbini. | ||||||||
| [37] | 2006 | Banini AE | = | ↓ § | = | ↑ | RCT | RW | M + F | T2DM, H (control) | 45–75 | 29 | 28 | MJ, MW, or Dz-W | 150 | North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences | |||||
| [38] | 2006 | Beulens JW | = | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H, WC > 94 cm | 35–70 | 34 | 28 | DRW | 450 (40 g ET) | Dutch Foundation for Alcohol Research. | ||||||||
| [42] | 2006 | Marfella R | = | ↓ | = | ↓ | RCT | RW | M + F | T2DM, MI | 30–40 | 131 | 1 year | W | 118 (11 g ET) | Not declared | |||||
| [53] | 2007 | Shai I | ↓ ° | = | = | Multi-centre RCT | RW or WW | M + F | T2DM | 41–74 | 91 | 12 weeks | Non-alcoholic beer | 150 (13 g ET) | Not declared | ||||||
| [60] | 2009 | Nakamura T | = | ↓ urinary protein ↓ urinary L-FABP | RCT | RW, WW | M + F | T2DM with nephropathy | 45–65 | 20 | 6 months | W | 118 | Not declared | |||||||
| [67] | 2012 | Chiva-Blanch G | = | ↓T2DM (=H) |
↓ T2DM (=H) | RCT CO | RW, DRW | M | High CVD risk | 55–75 | 67 | 28 | DRW, gin | 30 g ET | Institutional | ||||||
| [80] | 2015 | Gepner Y | = | = | RCT | RW vs. WW vs. W | M + F | T2DM | 50–70 | 224 | 2 years | RW vs. WW vs. W | 150 | European Association for the Study of Diabetes | |||||||
| [81] | 2015 | Moreno-Indias I | ↓ | RCT CO | RW and DRW | M | Obes, MeTs | 45–50 | 10/10 | 30 + 30 | H | RW or DRW: 272 | Institutional | ||||||||
| [92] | 2018 | Barden A | = | RCT CO | RW/DRW | M + F | T2DM | 40–70 | 24 | 12 weeks (4 × 3) | No T2DM | W: 230 (~24 g ET/M: 300 (~31 g ET | Institutional | ||||||||
| [98] | 2022 | Briansó-Llort L | = | RCT CO | RW | M + F | H | 30–50 | 26 | 28 | RW | 187 | Instituto de Salud Carlos III | ||||||||
| [100] | 2002 | Choleva M | = | = | = | RCT | RW | M + F | CAD | 50–75 | 64 | 2 months | ET, W | 200 | Graduate Program of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University and the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society. |
↑, increased; =, no effect; ↓, reduced. A1C, glycated haemoglobin; CO, crossover; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DRW, de-alcoholised red wine; Dz-W, de-alcoholised muscadine grape wine; ET, ethanol; F, female; H, healthy; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index; L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid binding protein (biomarker of kidney disease); M, male; MeTs, metabolic syndrome; MJ, muscadine grape juice; MW, muscadine grape wine; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RW, red wine; SPMs, specialised pro-resolving mediators of inflammation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; W, water; WC, waist circumference; WW, white wine; §, decrease was significant only among the subjects with T2DM given Dz-W; °, especially in subjects with higher basal A1C levels.