Table 7.

Serum syndecan-1 levels according to the hemodynamic parameters and documented comorbidities involved in the pathogenesis or decompensation of acute HF.

Variable	Syndecan-1 (ng/mL) Mean ± STD	p
Alcoholic Non-alcoholic	205.6 ± 203.9	0.457
	179.8 ± 143.4
Smoker Non-smoker	202.9 ± 182.7	0.735
	191.3 ± 184.3
Pre-existing chronic liver disease Without pre-existing chronic liver disease	209.5 ± 196.6	0.395
	180.9 ± 146.8
Hepatic cytolysis at admission Without hepatic cytolysis at admission	222.3 ± 192.4	0.011
	149.3 ± 158.4
Pre-existing chronic kidney disease Without pre-existing chronic kidney disease	207.9 ± 177.1	0.601
	189.7 ± 187.2
Acute kidney injury early after admission Without acute kidney injury early after admission	213.1 ± 212.9	0.045
	156.3 ± 153.5
Pre-existing cancer pathology Without pre-existing cancer pathology	255.2 ± 289.3	0.189
	189.4 ± 168.1
Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg Systolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg	237.5 ± 203.1	0.036
	159.9 ± 137.7
Heart rate ≥100/min Heart rate <100/min	235.9 ± 209.4	0.020
	158.6 ± 146.4
SaO2 ≥90% SaO2 <90%	198.8 ± 188.3	0.709
	181.1 ± 150.3
LV ejection fraction <40% LV ejection fraction ≥40%	200.6 ± 181.9	0.724
	190.3 ± 186.2
Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL Fasting blood glucose <126 mg/dL	181.2 ± 169.4	0.486
	162.7 ± 172.4
Pre-existing diabetes Without pre-existing diabetes	165.8 ± 119.3	0.395
	202.7 ± 192.3
C-reactive protein ≥0.5 mg/dL C-reactive protein <0.5 mg/dL	175.4 ± 177.1	0.234
	132.9 ± 141.0
BMI <30 kg/m2 BMI ≥30 kg/m2	236.3 ± 201.2	0.041
	180.0 ± 173.1

BMI—body mass index; LV—left ventricle; SaO₂—arterial oxygen saturation.