FIGURE 6.

Exosomes from liver explant cultures of Gao-binge mice promote liver injury. (A and B) Primary hepatocytes were treated with recombinant IL-1β (10 ng/mL) or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolated from liver explant cultures of Gao-binge EtOH-fed WT mice. (A) Expression of SAA1 mRNA. (B) Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH assay. (C–F) (C) Schematic diagram illustrating the protocol for exosome donor experiment. sEVs were isolated from liver explant cultures from WT pair-fed, WT EtOH-fed, and Gsdmd ^−/− EtOH-fed mice. WT mice were injected with 10¹⁰ sEVs during Gao-binge acute on chronic ethanol feeding. (D) sEV numbers were normalized, and CD63 and GSDMD were assessed by western blot. (E) AST/ALT activity in plasma and hepatic triglyceride content. (F) SAA1 mRNA expression. Data represent mean±SEM. ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; EtOH, ethanol; GSDMD, gasdermin D; WT, wild-type.