Table 3.
Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among the general population in Africa.
| Country and Study ID |
Attitudes and Perceptions towards COVID-19 Vaccines |
Reasons for Acceptance/ Non-Acceptance |
Determinants Affecting the Vaccine-Related Outcome (Significantly Associated) | Information Sources for COVID-19 Vaccines |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ethiopia
[31] |
Negative attitude |
Acceptance: Age (≥46 years) Education level (secondary and above) Presence of comorbidities Having a good knowledge of COVID-19 |
Interpersonal relationships Mass media Social media Internet |
|
|
Ghana
[32] |
Hesitant attitude |
Acceptance: Desire to protect people Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines A public health responsibility Awareness of possible side effects Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Perceived lack of information Effectiveness concerns Vaccine inaccessibility |
Acceptance: Gender (female) Age (older) |
Mass media Social media Interpersonal relationships Other |
|
Nigeria
[33] |
Non-acceptance: Perceived scientific uncertainty Belief in one’s immune system Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Age Geographical region Non-acceptance: Age Education level |
||
|
Nigeria
[34] |
Positive perception |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Education level (diploma and above) Prior diagnosis of COVID |
Mass media Social media HCWs Interpersonal relationships Other |
|
Ghana
[35] |
Acceptance: Desire to protect people Increased education about COVID-19 vaccines Observing others get the COVID-19 vaccine Vaccines are available free of charge Receiving a vaccination certificate Non-acceptance: Vaccine inaccessibility Safety concerns Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
|||
|
17 African countries
[26] |
Negative perception |
Acceptance: Prior diagnosis of COVID Having a positive perception towards the COVID-19 vaccine Non-acceptance: Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
Social media Mass media Interpersonal relationships Religious or traditional leaders Other |
|
|
Somalia
[36] |
Non-acceptance: Effectiveness concerns Safety concerns Belief in one’s immune system Doubts about the seriousness of the pandemic |
Non-acceptance: Gender (female) |
||
|
Multiple
African countries [27] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Preferred alternative treatment to the COVID-19 vaccine |
Non-acceptance: Age (older) Gender (female) Employment status Income level Residence (urban area) Negative experience with vaccines |
HCWs Mass media Government Religious or traditional leaders Other |
|
|
Ethiopia
[37] |
Hesitant attitude |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Gender (female) Age (<30) Marital status Residence Occupation Religion (Muslim) Education level (tertiary) |
|
|
Multiple
African countries [25] |
||||
|
South Africa
[38] |
Opposing attitudes |
Acceptance: Desire to protect people To return to normality Non-acceptance: Lack of trust in stakeholders |
||
|
Nigeria
[39] |
Hesitant attitude |
Acceptance: Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines Non-acceptance Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
||
|
Nigeria
[40] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Negative experience with vaccines |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Perceived scientific uncertainty Effectiveness concerns Negative experience with vaccines |
||
|
The
Democratic Republic of Congo [41] |
Non-acceptance: Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns |
Acceptance: Income level (middle-and high-level) Prior diagnosis of COVID |
Interpersonal relationships Mass media Religious or traditional leaders Social media |
|
|
Mozambique
[42] |
Acceptance: Confidence in COVID-19 Vaccines Non-acceptance: Effectiveness concerns Safety concerns Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
|||
|
Uganda
[43] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Acceptance Age (18–20 years) Education level (primary) Occupation Religion (Christian) Marital status (married) Residence (rural area) Income level |
||
|
Nigeria
[44] |
Hesitant attitude |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Religious beliefs Acceptance: Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines |
||
|
Libya
[28] |
Positive attitude |
Acceptance: Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines Non-acceptance: Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
Acceptance: Age (31–50 years) Marital status (married) Geographical region Prior diagnosis of COVID Knowing someone who tested positive for COVID Efficacy of 70% and above Non-acceptance: Loss of someone to COVID-19 |
Mass media Social media Internet |
|
Nigeria
[45] |
Non-acceptance: Lack of trust in stakeholders Safety concerns |
Acceptance: High perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID Age (≥40) |
Social media Mass media Interpersonal relationships |
|
|
Cameroon
[29] |
Hesitant attitude |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Perceived lack of information Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies Acceptance: Receiving COVID-19 vaccines from an African country |
Acceptance: Being a parent Education level (secondary) |
HCWs Social media Mass media Interpersonal relationships Government Religious or traditional leaders Other |
|
Nigeria
[46] |
Positive perception | Mass media Social media |
||
|
Ethiopia
[47] |
Acceptance: Age (≥50) Income level (low) Low perception level towards COVID-19 vaccines Employment status (unemployed) low level of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines Unwilling to test for COVID Education level (low) |
|||
|
Nigeria
[48] |
Positive attitude and negative perception |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Age (older) Gender Education level Marital status |
|
|
Nigeria
[49] |
Non-acceptance: Doubts about the seriousness of the pandemic Receiving COVID-19 vaccines from a Western/European country Perceived scientific uncertainty Acceptance: Receiving COVID-19 vaccines from an African country Receiving COVID-19 vaccines from a Muslim country |
Acceptance: Gender Education level Religious beliefs Employment status Income level High perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID Trust in stakeholders |
||
|
South Africa
[50] |
Non-acceptance: Perceived lack of information Safety concerns Vaccine inaccessibility |
Acceptance: Age (older) Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines |
||
|
Ghana
[51] |
Acceptance: Age Marital status Education level Occupation |
|||
|
Zimbabwe
[52] |
Acceptance: Practising COVID-19 prevention measures Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines The COVID-19 vaccines are being recommended by the Ministry of Health and World Health Organisation Vaccines are available free of charge Vaccine accessibility Education level (secondary and tertiary) Gender (male) |
|||
|
Ethiopia
[53] |
Positive attitude and negative perception |
Mass media | ||
|
Ethiopia
[54] |
Non-acceptance: Perceived lack of information Safety concerns Acceptance: Access to the media |
Acceptance: Gender Education level Use of mass media Received childhood vaccines Knowing someone who tested positive for COVID |
Mass media | |
|
Somalia
[55] |
Negative attitude |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Perceived scientific uncertainty |
||
|
The
Democratic Republic of Congo [56] |
Negative perception |
Non-acceptance: Effectiveness concerns Safety concerns Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies |
||
|
Kenya
[57] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Occupation |
Mass media Social media HCWs Interpersonal relationships |
|
|
Ghana
[58] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Perceived scientific uncertainty Low perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID |
|||
|
Egypt
[59] |
Negative attitude |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
Non-acceptance: Gender (female) Residence (urban area) Education level (tertiary) Marital status (married) Rejected flu vaccines in the past Lack of trust in stakeholders |
|
|
Kenya
[60] |
Hesitant attitude |
Acceptance: High perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Religious beliefs |
Non-acceptance: Residence (rural area) Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Vaccine inaccessibility Religious beliefs |
|
|
Kenya
[61] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns |
|||
|
Botswana
[62] |
Non-acceptance: Perceived scientific uncertainty Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Gender (male) Age (55–64 years) Education level (primary) Willingness to wear a mask Employment status Presence of comorbidities |
Mass media Social media Internet Government |
|
|
Nigeria
[63] |
Acceptance: Self-protection Desire to protect people COVID-19 vaccines are being recommended by HCWs Presence of chronic illness Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Doubts about the seriousness of the pandemic Afraid of needles |
Acceptance: Age (≥24 years) Religion (Muslim) Gender (male) Trust in stakeholders Willing to pay and travel for the COVID-19 vaccine Vaccinating during an outbreak |
Social media Internet Mass media HCWs Interpersonal relationships |
|
|
Guinea
[30] |
Negative perception |
Non-acceptance: Having a negative perception towards the COVID-19 vaccine Lack of trust in stakeholders Safety concerns |
Acceptance: Marital status (single) Education level Non-pregnant women Confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines Age Vaccine eligibility Non-acceptance: Higher vaccine knowledge Having a negative attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine |
Mass media Social media Interpersonal relationships Government |
|
Uganda
[64] |
Non-acceptance: Safety concerns Effectiveness concerns Perceived lack of information Low perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID Prior diagnosis of COVID Belief in one’s immune system |
Acceptance: Geographical region Age (55–64 years) High perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID Developing severe disease and side effects |
Mass media |