Table 1.
The microbiota changes in depression and anxiety.
| Disease | Subject | Sample Size and Characteristics | Sequencing Platforms |
Observations and Changes in Microbiota | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDD (with anxiety) | Human | Control: n = 10 (Mean age: 33 years, 60% female); Psychiatric subjects: n = 60 (major depressive disorder and anxiety: n = 38, anxiety: n = 8, depression: n = 14). | 16S rRNA sequencing using Roche 454 Titanium platform. | ↓ Clostridia in people with depression. ↓ Bacteroides are more closely linked to the prevalence of anxiety than depression. |
[90] |
| Depression | Flinders sensitive line rats | 24 FRL rats (weight 327.8 ± 40.7 g, and 10.6 ± 1.1 weeks old). | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↓ Phyla Elusimicrobia and Saccharibacteria ↑ Proteobacteria ↑ Blautia and Subdoligranulum ↓ Candidatus Saccharimonas, Alistipes, and Roseburia |
[145] |
| Depression | Human | Belgian Flemish Gut Flora Project population (n = 1054 subjects). | Shotgun sequencing | In depression, ↓ Coprococcus and Dialister
after restricting the antidepressant medication effect. ↓ Fusicatenibacter and Butyricicoccus after controlling for antidepressant treatment. ↑ Phascolarctobacterium, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Holdemania ↓ Dialister, Coprococcus, Turicibacter, and Faecalibacterium |
[148] |
| Bipolar depression | Human | Healthy controls: n = 45; Bipolar depression patients: n = 72. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↑ Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Weissella, and Halomonas. | [149] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 71; Major depressive disorder patients n = 70. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Roche 454 Titanium platform. | ↓ Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes | [150] |
| Anxiety and depression | Human | Control: n = 46; Anxiety and depression group: n = 23. | 16S rRNA sequencing using MiniSeq. | Reduction in Gemmiger, Ruminococcus, and Veillonella. | [151] |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Human | Healthy controls: n = 36; Generalized anxiety disorder patients: n = 40. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↑ Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Ruminococcus gnavus | [152] |
| Chronic paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced depression | Wistar rats | - | 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. | ↓ Akkermansia, Phascolarctobacterium, and Ruminococcus
↑ Parabacteroides, Oscillospira, and Aggregatibacter |
[153] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 10 (age: 24–65 years, women: n = 5); Major depressive disorder patients: n = 10 (age: 18–56 years, women: n = 5). | - | ↑Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Lachnospiraceae ↓ Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria ↓ Faecalibacterium |
[154] |
| Late-life depression | Human | Healthy controls: n = 17; Late-life depression patients: n = 36. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↑ Akkermansiaceae and Akkermansia. | [155] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 37; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 36. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↑ Actinobacteria and Firmicutes ↑ Bifidobacterium, and Blautia ↓ Prevotella |
[156] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 10; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 10. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↓ Bifidobacterium and Dialister
↑ Bacteroidetes and Bacteroides |
[157] |
| Depression | Human | Controls: n = 31; Ulcerative colitis without depression: n = 31; Ulcerative colitis with depression: n = 31. | 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. | ↑ Proteobacteria, gamma proteobacteria ↓ Firmicutes, Clostridia, and Clostridiales |
[158] |
| Postpartum depressive disorder | Human | Healthy controls: n = 16; Postpartum depressive disorder patients: n = 28. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↓ Faecalibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Butyricicoccus, and Lachnospiraceae ↑ Enterobacteriaceae |
[159] |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus with depression | Human | Healthy controls: n = 32; Systemic lupus erythematosus with depression patients: n = 21. | 16S rRNA using Illumina Novaseq 6000 sequencing. | ↓ Ratios of the genera Faecalibacterium to Roseburia and phyla Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. | [160] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 43; First-episode, drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients: n = 66. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina Novaseq PE250 platform. | ↑ Deinococcus and Odoribacter ↓ Bacteroides, Alistipes, Turicibacter, Clostridium, Roseburia, and Enterobacter |
[161] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 28; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 26. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. | ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. |
[162] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 45; Current active major depressive disorder patients: n = 46; Remission or with only mild symptoms of major depressive disorder: n = 22. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. | ↑ Bilophila and Alistipes
↓ Anaerostipes and Dialister |
[163] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 27; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 27. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500. | ↓ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, Blautia, Clostridiaceae, and Dorea
↑ Oxalobacter, Pseudomonas, Parvimonas, Bulleidia, Peptostreptococcus, and Gemella |
[164] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy female controls: n = 24; First-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder female patients: n = 24; Healthy male controls: n = 20; First-episode drug-naive major depressive disorder male patients: n = 20. |
16S rRNA sequences using Roche 454. | ↓ Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria
↑ Firmicutes and Actinobacteria |
[165] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 29; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 26. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. | ↑ Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Megasphaera, Coriobacterium, Streptococcus, Slackia, Heliobacterium, Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Olsenella, Sphaerochaeta, Desulfitobacterium, Acidaminococcus, Eggerthella, Lachnoclostridium, Atopobium, Rothia. ↓ Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides. ↑ Clostridium saccharolyticum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Acidaminococcus fermentans, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Eggerthella lenta, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Lactobacillus crispatus, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Enterococcus faecium, B. longum, Atopobium parvulum, B. bifidum. ↓ Bacteroides helcogenes. |
[166] |
| MDD | Human | Healthy controls: n = 30; Major depressive disorder patients: n = 31; Bipolar disorder with current major depressive episode patients: n = 30. | 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. | ↓ Firmicutes, Bacteroidota ↑Actinobacteria ↑ Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Oscillibacter, and Streptococcus |
[167] |
MDD: Major depressive disorder; ↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.