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. 2023 Apr 13;15(4):958. doi: 10.3390/v15040958

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Possible routes of tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) neuroinvasion and access to the central nervous system through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These include: (1) the Trojan horse mechanism, (2) transcellular entry, and (3) paracellular entry. Not pictured are routes of entry involving direct infection of the olfactory bulb and retrograde axonal transport. Adapted from: Chen, Z.; Li, G. Immune response and blood-brain barrier dysfunction during viral neuroinvasion. Innate Immun. 2021, 27, 109–117. Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 31 January 2023.