Table 3.
Cytotoxic activity of Droseraceae and Nepenthaceae extracts.
| Species/Extract | Model/Reference Line | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Dr. indica/water (w), ethanol (e) |
Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL), Ehrlich Ascitic Carcinoma (EAC) | 250 µg/mL ↑ dead cells ca 90% (e), 86% (w) 250 µg/mL ↑ dead cells ca 89% (e), 80% (w) |
[81] |
| Dr. indica/water, ethanol | Mice with induced Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) | 14-day treatment (250, 500 mg/kg orally): normalization of body weight and blood parameters, ↓ viable tumor cells, ↑ 3-caspase, ↓ DNA, ↓ RNA, ↓ total protein |
[82] |
| Dr. burmannii/water, ethanol | Mice with induced Ehrlich Ascitic Carcinoma (EAC) | 14-day treatment (250, 500 mg/kg orally): normalization of body weight and blood parameters, ↓ viable tumor cells |
[83] |
| Dr. burmannii/70% methanol | breast cancer (MCF-7)/normal fibroblast cell (WI-38) | ↓ viability: IC50 120.9 µg/mL 200 μg/mL: arrested cells in the G2/M phase (↓ cyclins A1, B2, CdK1; ↑ p21, ↑p53) ↑ apoptosis (↑ annexin V, ↑ Bax/Bcl-2, ↑ caspases 9 and 3, ↓ PARP) |
[87] |
| Di. muscipula/fractions from 10% methanolic extract | murine lymphocytic leukemia (P388) | IC50: 0.01 mg/mL hexane, 6.3 mg/mL ethyl acetate, 15.8 mg/mL butanol fraction |
[86] |
| Drosophyllum lusitanicum/hexane (h), methanol (m), water (w) | human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) | IC50 = 2.14 μg/mL (h); IC50 = 50.98 μg/mL (m); IC50 = 719.53 μg/mL (w) ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1) |
[99] |
| N. cv. Miranda/acetone | human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PC-9), 4T1 mammary carcinoma, B16F10 melanoma | 150 µg/mL: 98% death rates inhibition of cell migration |
[62] |
|
N. adrianii x clipeata/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract |
oral cancer (CAL 27, OECM-1, Ca9-22, HSC-3, SCC9)/normal oral cells (HGF-1) | ↓ viability: IC50: 8, 11, 12, 14, 17 μg/mL ↑ ROS: ↑ MitoSOX, depletion of MMP ↑ apoptosis (↑ annexin V, ↑ c-PARP) ↑ DNA damage (↑ γH2AX) |
[95] |
|
N. ventricosa x maxima/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract |
oral cancer (Ca9-22, CAL 27)/normal oral cells (HGF-1) | ↓ viability: IC50: 11, 12 μg/mL ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1, ↑ annexin V, ↑ pancaspase) ↑ ROS: ↑MitoSOX, depletion of MMP ↑ DNA damage (↑ 8-oxodG) |
[96] |
| N. ventricosa x sibuyanensis/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract | oral cancer (Ca9-22, CAL 27, SCC9)/normal oral cells (HGF-1) | ↓ viability: IC50: 25, 20, 32 μg/mL ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1, ↑ annexin V, ↑ pancaspase) ↑ ROS: ↑ MitoSOX, depletion of MMP ↑ DNA damage (↑ 8-oxodG) |
[97] |
|
N. thorellii x (ventricosa x maxima)/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract |
human breast cancer (MCF7 and SKBR3)/human breast normal cells (M10) | ↓ viability: IC50 10 and 15 μg/mL ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1, ↑ annexin V) ↑ ROS: ↑ GSH, ↑ MitoSOX, depletion of MMP DNA damage (↑ γH2AX, ↑ 8-OxodG) |
[92] |
|
N. thorellii x (ventricosa x maxima)/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract |
oral cancer (Ca9-22, CAL 27, OECM-1, HSC-3)/normal oral cells (HGF-1) | ↓ viability: IC50 9.27, 11.05, 13.2, 24 μg/mL ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1, ↑ annexin V, ↑ pancaspase) ↑ ROS: ↑ MitoSOX, depeletion of MMP ↑ expression of antioxidant genes DNA damage (↑ γH2AX, ↑ 8-OHdG) |
[93] |
|
N. thorellii x (ventricosa x maxima)/ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extract |
leukemia cell lines (HL-60, K-562, MOLT-4) | ↓ viability: IC50 3.85, 3.68, 3.73 μg/mL ↑ apoptosis (↑ subG1, ↑ annexin V, ↑ caspases 3/7) ↑ ROS: ↑ MitoSOX, ↑ MMP ↑ expression of antioxidant genes DNA damage (↑ γH2AX, ↑ G8-OHdG) |
[94] |
IC50—half maximal inhibitory concentration; ROS—reactive oxygen species; GSH-glutathione; MitoSOX—mitochondrial superoxide; MMP—mitochondrial membrane potential; 8-OxodG—8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; G8-OHdG—8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; ↓—decrease; ↑—increase.