Table 1.

Summary of Selected Landmark Cardiac Pacing Trials.

Trial	Year	Clinical Question	Intervention/Control	Population (N=)	Primary Outcome	Results	p-Value
CTOPP [20]	2000	What is the optimal pacing strategy for symptomatic bradycardia?	DDD/VVI	1474	Stroke, CV death	4.9 vs. 5.5% *	p = 0.33
MOST [21]	2002	What is the optimal pacing strategy for SND?	DDD/VVI	2010	All-cause mortality or non-fatal stroke	21.5 vs. 23% †	p = 0.48
DAVID [22]	2002	What is the optimal pacing strategy for patients with standard indications for ICD without indications for pacing?	DDDR-ICD/VVI-ICD	506	Time to death or HFH	83.9 vs. 73.3 ‡	p < 0.03
UKPACE [23]	2005	What is the optimal pacing strategy for patients with high grade AVB?	DDD/VVI	2021	All-cause mortality	7.4 vs. 7.2% ¶	p = 0.56
DANPACE [24]	2011	What is the optimal pacing strategy for SND?	DDDR/AAIR	1415	All-cause mortality	27.3 vs. 29.6% §	p = 0.53

SND = sinus node dysfunction; AVB = atrioventricular block; CV = cardiovascular; HFH = heart failure hospitalization; * AVB 60%, lower risk of AF (HR 0.82, p = 0.05) in DDD group, significantly more perioperative complications (p < 0.001) in DDD group; ^† Lower risk of AF (HR 0.79, p = 0.008) and lower HF scores (p < 0.001) in DDD group; ^‡ Trial stopped early by DSMB, Trend towards higher HF hospitalization in DDDR group; ^¶ No difference in AF, HF, stroke/TIA between groups; ^§ Lower risk of AF (HR 0.73, p = 0.024) in DDD group, nearly double the pacemaker re-operation rate in AAIR group.