Table 4.

Various clinical trials on the use of cannabinoids with MS patients.

Drug (Active Constituent)	Dosage Form	Experimental Design	Outcomes	Ref.
THC (5–10 mg)	Oral	Double-blind study	Decrease muscle spasms and enhance the walking ability of the patient.	[106]
Nabilone (1 mg), a synthetic THC mimic	Oral	Open-Label study	Dimension in the pain with MS patients.	[107]
THC (10 mg oral or 15 mg rectal)	Oral/rectal	Open-Label study	Enhancement of walking ability, passive mobility, and dimension in the pain with young MS patients.	[108]
THC (7.5 mg)	Oral	Placebo-controlled, double-blind study	Improved muscle spasm perception.	[109]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Controlled double-blind, randomized study	It has an analgesic effect in addition to enhancing of quality of life of the patient (e.g., sleep improvement).	[110]
Tobacco and cannabis resin-containing smoking	Inhalation	Placebo-controlled trial	Decrease in the Nystagmus amplitude and enhancement of visual ability.	[111]
Dronabinol (>25 mg), a synthetic THC mimic	Oral	Randomized, double-blind controlled study	Significant analgesic effect.	[8]
THC (5–15 mg)	Oral	The single-blind study was a placebo-controlled trial	Enhancement of the patient’s ability in handwriting and a significant decrease in spasticity and tremors.	[112]
THC (5–10 mg)	Oral	Double-blind study	Improvement in tremors and ataxia with MS patient.	[113]
Nabilone (1 mg), a synthetic THC mimic	Oral	Double-blind controlled trials	Reduction in muscle spasms and tremors.	[114]
THC (10–15 mg oral or 2.5–5 mg rectal)	Oral/rectal	Open-Label study	Analgesic effect with MS patient.	[108]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Double-blind controlled trials	Improvement in muscle spasms in MS patients.	[115]
THC (1 mg)	Oral	Open-Label study	Have an analgesic effect on patients.	[107]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Double-blind controlled randomized trial	Improving the resistant MS spasticity more effectively and clinically.	[116]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Observational, prospective controlled trial	Improvement in the symptoms of MS in resistant patients.	[117]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Double-blind controlled trial	Improvement in the clinical states of MS patients.	[118]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Randomized controlled study	Decrees the neuropathic pain associated with MS patients.	[119]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Open-Label study	This study has proven the immunomodulatory effect of cannabinoids by detecting the gene expression of immune-related pathways.	[120]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Randomized controlled trial	A significant reduction in the pain associated with MS.	[121]
Sativex, a THC-CBD combination (2.7 mg: 2.5 mg)	Oromucosal	Controlled retrospective study	It demonstrates an efficient and safe reduction in muscle spasms.	[122]