SiO2 NPs	Silica nanoparticles
NOM	Natural organic matter
UF	Ultrafiltration
NF	Nanofiltration
FO	Forward osmosis
PES	Polyethersulfone
LW	Lifshitz–van der Waals
EL	Electrostatic
AB	Acid–base
xDLVO	Extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek
HA	Humic acid
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
SA	Sodium alginate
K	Fouling potential (mg−1)
θ	Contact angle (°)
γLW	Surface tension parameter of LW component (mJ/m2)
γ+	Surface tension parameter of electron-acceptor component (mJ/m2)
γ−	Surface tension parameter of electron-donor component (mJ/m2)
γTOT	Total surface tension (mJ/m2)
ΔGsls	Cohesion free energy per unit area between two surfaces (mJ/m2)
$U_{\mathit{mlf}}^{TOT}$	Total interaction energy between the membrane surface and the foulants (kT)
$U_{\mathit{mlf}}^{\mathit{LW}}$	LW components of the interaction energies between the membrane surface and the foulants (kT)
$U_{\mathit{mlf}}^{\mathit{AB}}$	AB components of the interaction energies between the membrane surface and the foulants (kT)
$U_{\mathit{mlf}}^{\mathit{EL}}$	EL components of the interaction energies between the membrane surface and the foulants (kT)