Title	Year	Type of Study	Location	Summary
Yellow fever vaccination before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil [14].	2022	Ecological, time series study	Brazil (Nationwide)	A 48.55% reduction in the median number of yellow fever vaccine doses administered in Brazil and in its regions 1 year before the pandemic as compared to 1 year during the pandemic: North (−34.71%), Midwest (−21.72%), South (−63.50%), and Southeast (−34.42%)
Child Vaccination Coverage, Trends and Predictors in Eastern Ethiopia: Implication for Sustainable Development Goals [21].	2021	A population-based longitudinal study	Kersa, Eastern Ethiopia (incl. Harar town)	A little more than a third (39%) of children were fully vaccinated; with highest proportion (45%) seen in 2020 and the lowest (32%) in 2019. Other towns classified as semi-urban had the lowest fully vaccinated proportion even as Harar city saw 45% full vaccination for its children.
Experiences of Urban Slum-Dwelling Women with Maternal and Child Health Services During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-City Qualitative Study From India [15].	2022	A phenomenological study to document MCH experience during COVID-19 pandemic	India: Four states Odisha, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, and Assam. One slum city per state	All participants in this study mentioned that their children were vaccinated during the pandemic with little or no issues. Fear that the child may get infected with COVID-19 was highlighted by caregivers. A few choose a private hospital for child immunization due to fear of COVID-19.
Strategies to revitalize immunization service provision in urban settings of Ethiopia [26].	2021	A qualitative study with a phenomenological study design	Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Mekele	The highlight of the study is that existing immunization service delivery strategies within urban contexts which are mostly fixed sites are not adequate to effectively reach children with vaccines in these settings.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization of children [16].	2022	Cross-sectional study	Pakistan: Mirpur, Azad Kashmir,	The fear of COVID-19 infection was highlighted as an important factor for delayed vaccination in 65% of respondents.
Disparities in full immunization coverage among urban and rural children aged 12–23 months in southwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study [17].	2022	A comparative cross-sectional	Ethiopia: Wolaita zone	Children in urban areas had a higher prevalence of full vaccination than their rural counterparts with a 15.10% (95% CI; 0.102–0.192) point estimate for the difference but still below WHO recommendation. Knowledge and place of delivery were predictor variables.
Effect of intensive training in improving older women’s knowledge and support for infant vaccination in Nigerian urban slums: a before-and-after intervention study [27].	2021	Pre- and post-study	Nigeria: Seven urban slums communities in Ibadan	Participatory learning improved the knowledge about and support for infant vaccination among older women supervising childcare in these urban slum communities.
Assessment of vaccination timeliness and associated factors among children in Toke Kutaye district, central Ethiopia: A Mixed study [22].	2022	A community-based cross-sectional mixed-method study	Ethiopia: Toke Kutaye district, central Ethiopia.	Timeliness of childhood vaccination was 23.9 percent among children aged 12 to 23 months. Urban residence (AOR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.56–6.4), participation of pregnant women in conferences (AOR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.2–4.57), institutional delivery (AOR: 2.5)
Parental acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination for adolescent girls in Lagos, Nigeria [23].	2020	A descriptive cross-sectional survey of adolescent girls’ parents	India: 2 urban and 2 rural schools in Lagos	Tertiary level of education in the mother (cOR = 67.41; 95% CI = 15.25–297.97; p = 0.0000), skilled occupation in the mother (cOR = 11.55; 95% CI = 5.55–24.04; p = 0.0000), skilled occupation in the father (cOR = 4.10; 95% CI = 2.31–7.28; p = 0.0000), are predictors of HPV vaccination.
Second-dose measles vaccination and associated factors among under-five children in urban areas of North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia, 2022 [24].	2022	A community-based cross-sectional study	Ethiopia: urban areas of North Shewa Zone, Oromia	With a 90.1% response rate in 372 participants, the coverage of measles second-dose vaccination (MCV2) among children in urban areas was low (42.5%).
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic response on uptake of routine immunizations in Sindh, Pakistan: An analysis of provincial electronic immunization registry data [6].	2020	Quantitative: Secondary data analysis of daily immunization coverage	Pakistan: Sindh urban and rural	The average daily vaccination rate during the COVID-19 lockdown saw a 52.5% decline. Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccines saw the highest decline of 40.6% (958/2360). An estimated 8438 children per day missed their vaccines during the lockdown. Areas mostly affected included rural districts, urban sub-districts with large slums, and polio-endemic super high-risk sub-districts.
Impact of the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Coverage of Reproductive, Maternal, and Newborn Health Interventions in Ethiopia: A Natural Experiment [18].	2022	A nationally representative cross-sectional survey	Ethiopia: Addis Ababa	Significant reductions in coverage of BCG vaccination and chlorohexidine use in urban areas were observed in the COVID-19-affected cohort.
Impact and projections of the COVID-19 epidemic on attendance and routine vaccinations at a pediatric referral hospital in Cameroon [19].	2021	A descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study	Cameroon: Yaoundé	There was a decline in vaccination demand including BCG vaccines, DPT, polio, and MMR in children as well as tetanus vaccines in women of childbearing age, all dropped significantly.
Scared, powerless, insulted and embarrassed: hesitancy towards vaccines among caregivers in Cavite Province, the Philippines [25].	2021	Qualitative: In-depth interviews (IDIs)	Philippines: Cavite Province	Among the reasons for delay or refusal of childhood vaccinations, fear of side effects emerged as the most salient concern, exacerbated by previous negative experiences (including trauma) from a dengue vaccine controversy in 2017.
Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: Analyses of routine statistics and a national household survey [20].	2021	Qualitative: Ecological, time series study	Brazil: National with subnational statistics	About 20% decline in vaccination rates was seen in children 2 years or older during the months of March and April 2020 during the lockdown in comparison with January and February 2020. The least developed regions of the country were the most affected by missed immunization