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. 2023 Apr 28;13:137. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02436-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A–C Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) was conducted based on species level and Bray-Curtis distance. PERMANOVA test showed that the general characteristics of microbiota in moderate and severe groups were significantly different from HCs, while there was no significant difference between mild group and HCs. In addition, we did not find the separated characteristics of microbiota by comparing disease subgroups (see Fig. S2). D The bar plot showed the differentially enriched genus in the most top 10 high relative abundance genus. Bacteroides was significantly increased in moderate and severe group, while the reduction of 2 genera (Faecalibacterium and Escherichia) in moderate group and 2 genera (Eubacterium and Ruminococcus) in severe group, respectively. (^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test).