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. 2023 Apr 28;13:6977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33011-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Innate immune responses to EV infection in the exocrine pancreas of SPIDDM and non-diabetic controls. (a–d) Triple immunostaining for MDA5 (a) VP1 (b), and 2A^pro (c) shows exocrine acinar cells changed to ADM in SPIDDM (Case SP7). Merged image (d) shows that VP1-positive (b, red) and 2A^pro-positive cells (c, blue) show weak staining for MDA5 (a, green), in accordance with the concept that 2A^pro suppressed MDA5 expression in the same acinar cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (e–h) Triple immunostaining for IFN-β1 (e), VP1 (f), and 2A^pro (g) of exocrine acinar cells changed to ADM. Merged image (h) of (e–g) shows that VP1 (red) is located in the perinuclear area and INF-β1 (blue, arrowheads) cytoplasm in EV-infected acinar cells. Scale bar, 20 μm. (i,j) VP1- and 2A^pro-positive area in the exocrine pancreas of SPIDDM and VP1-positive non-diabetic control (NDC) are higher than those of VP1-negative NDC. Numbers in the parenthesis indicate counted exocrine area. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey analysis was used. (k,l) MDA5- and IFN-β1-positive area in the exocrine pancreas of SPIDDM and VP1-positive non-diabetic control (NDC) are higher than those of VP1-negative NDC. Numbers in the parenthesis indicate counted exocrine area. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey analysis was used.