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. 2023 Apr 28;13:6977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33011-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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EV and pancreatic exocrine tissue inflammation and association with pancreatic weight in SPIDDM. (a–d) Serial sections of exocrine pancreas in a PanIN lobe stained for VP1 (a), CD8 (b), CD68 (c), and CD11c (d) in SPIDDM (Case SP2). VP1- and ADM-positive cell clusters (a, brown) are infiltrated by CD8⁺ T cells (b) and CD68⁺ macrophages (c). No CD11c⁺ cells are observed (d). Asterisks: ADM-changed acinar cells. (e) Numbers of CD45⁺, CD68⁺, CD8⁺, CD4⁺, and CD11c⁺ cells, but not CD20⁺ cells, in the exocrine pancreas are significantly higher in SPIDDM patients than in non-DCs (NDC). Numbers in parentheses indicate number of areas counted. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, Tukey’s test. (f) The number of CD11c⁺ dendritic cells in the exocrine pancreas tends to decrease in some cases with duration of SPIDDM exceeding 10 years. (g) The number of CD8⁺ T cells in the exocrine pancreas of SPIDDM is negatively associated with SPIDDM pancreas weight. P = 0.035 by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. (h) The number of CD68⁺ macrophages in the exocrine pancreas of SPIDDM does not correlate with SPIDDM pancreas weight. (i) The PanIN area in SPIDDM pancreas correlates negatively with pancreatic weight. P = 0.036 by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. (j) The fibrosis area of SPIDDM correlates negatively with SPIDDM pancreas weight. P < 0.05 by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.