Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and predisposing conditions of overall cohort
| Total N = 4195 | NCE N = 2082 | SE N = 2113 | p-Value | Early period (2000–2006) N = 2787 | Later period (2008–2012) N = 1408 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years, median, IQR) (N = 4195) | 63.7 (49–74) | 62.8 (48–74) | 64.1 (48–74) | < 0.01 | 63.2 (47–73) | 64.8 (51–75) | < 0.01 |
| Male gender (N = 4186) | 2904 (69.4%) | 1441 (69.4%) | 1463 (69.3%) | 0.92 | 1922 (69.1%) | 982 (69.8%) | 0.64 |
| First sign to admission < 1 month (N = 3848) | 3180 (83%) | 1533 (82.2%) | 1647 (83.1%) | 0.48 | 1995 (79.4%) | 1185 (88.8%) | < 0.01 |
| Hemodialysis (N = 3287) | 194 (5.9%) | 93 (5.7%) | 101 (6.1%) | 0.56 | 136 (4.9%) | 58 (11%) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes (N = 4098) | 776 (18.9%) | 357 (17.9%) | 419 (20%) | 0.08 | 464 (17.1%) | 312 (22.6%) | < 0.01 |
| Cancer (N = 4099) | 469 (11.4%) | 242 (12.1%) | 227 (10.8%) | 0.22 | 278 (10.3%) | 191 (13.8%) | < 0.01 |
| HIV positive (N = 4127) | 88 (2.1%) | 13 (0.6%) | 75 (3.6%) | < 0.01 | 66 (2.4%) | 22 (1.6%) | 0.09 |
| Predisposing conditions | |||||||
| Previous IE (N = 4172) | 343 (8.2%) | 159 (7.7%) | 184 (8.7%) | 0.22 | 235 (8.5%) | 108 (7.8%) | 0.44 |
| Native valve predispositiona (N = 4034) | 1137 (28.2%) | 605 (29.7%) | 532 (26.6%) | 0.03 | 799 (29.1%) | 338 (26.2%) | 0.05 |
| Congenital heart disease (N = 4078) | 373 (9.4%) | 208 (10.3%) | 165 (8%) | 0.01 | 229 (8.5%) | 144 (10.5%) | 0.04 |
| CIED (N = 4160) | 517 (12.4%) | 226 (11%) | 291 (13.8%) | < 0.01 | 352 (12.7%) | 165 (12%) | 0.51 |
| Intravenous drug use (N = 4160) | 324 (7.8%) | 138 (6.7%) | 186 (8.8%) | 0.01 | 245 (8.9%) | 79 (5.7%) | < 0.01 |
| CA-IE (N = 3879) | 2910 (75%) | 1450 (79%) | 1460 (71.5%) | < 0.01 | 1965 (75.7%) | 945 (73.7%) | 0.18 |
| N-IE (N = 3879) | 726 (18.7%) | 272 (14.8%) | 454 (22.2%) | < 0.01 | 470 (18.1%) | 256 (20%) | 0.17 |
| HA-IE (N = 3879) | 243 (6.3%) | 114 (6.2%) | 129 (6.3%) | 0.89 | 162 (6.2%) | 81 (6.3%) | 0.95 |
| IE type | |||||||
| Native (N = 4123) | 2816 (68.3%) | 1458 (70.9%) | 1358 (65.7%) | < 0.01 | 1909 (70%) | 907 (64.9%) | < 0.01 |
| Prosthetic (N = 4123) | 985 (23.9%) | 482 (23.4%) | 503 (24.3%) | 0.49 | 619 (22.7%) | 366 (26.2%) | 0.01 |
| CIED endocarditis (N = 4123) | 322 (7.8%) | 117 (5.7%) | 205 (9.9%) | < 0.01 | 198 (7.3%) | 124 (8.9%) | 0.08 |
NCE Northern and Central European countries; SE Southern European countries; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; IE infective endocarditis; CA community acquired; N nosocomial, HA healthcare-associated; CIED cardiovascular implantable electronic devices
aIncluding aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis