Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline and after propensity score matching.
| Propensity score matching | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | |||||||
| Total (N = 52,092) | Control (N = 26,046) | Infection (N = 26,046) | ASMD | Total (N = 31,318) | Control (N = 15,659) | Infection (N = 15,659) | ASMD | |
| Age | 69.75 ± 15.58 | 64.64 ± 15.91 | 74.86 ± 13.42 | 0.695 | 71.71 ± 13.92 | 71.10 ± 13.21 | 72.31 ± 14.58 | 0.087 |
| Male | 28,163 (54.06) | 15,401 (59.13) | 12,762 (49.00) | 0.204 | 16,290 (52.01) | 8194 (52.33) | 8096 (51.70) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22,295 (42.80) | 8743 (33.57) | 13,552 (52.03) | 0.380 | 14,063 (44.90) | 6813 (43.51) | 7250 (46.30) | 0.056 |
| Hypertension | 38,803 (74.49) | 17,557 (67.41) | 21,246 (81.57) | 0.329 | 24,275 (77.51) | 12,012 (76.71) | 12,263 (78.31) | 0.038 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 14,956 (28.71) | 8508 (32.67) | 6448 (24.76) | 0.176 | 9089 (29.02) | 4678 (29.87) | 4411 (28.17) | 0.038 |
| Coronary artery disease | 28,288 (54.30) | 14,614 (56.11) | 13,674 (52.50) | 0.073 | 16,938 (54.08) | 8480 (54.15) | 8458 (54.01) | 0.003 |
| Previous MI | 8395 (16.12) | 4502 (17.28) | 3893 (14.95) | 0.064 | 4597 (14.68) | 2276 (14.53) | 2321 (14.82) | 0.008 |
| Previous PCI | 7627 (14.64) | 4493 (17.25) | 3134 (12.03) | 0.148 | 4073 (13.01) | 2039 (13.02) | 2034 (12.99) | 0.001 |
| Previous CABG | 1670 (3.21) | 961 (3.69) | 709 (2.72) | 0.055 | 1009 (3.22) | 521 (3.33) | 488 (3.12) | 0.012 |
| Previous CRT/ICD | 144 (0.28) | 83 (0.32) | 61 (0.23) | 0.016 | 82 (0.26) | 42 (0.27) | 40 (0.26) | 0.003 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1170 (2.25) | 394 (1.51) | 776 (2.98) | 0.099 | 736 (2.35) | 345 (2.20) | 391 (2.50) | 0.019 |
| Valvular heart disease | 10,028 (19.25) | 5294 (20.33) | 4734 (18.18) | 0.055 | 6201 (19.80) | 3164 (20.21) | 3037 (19.39) | 0.020 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10,583 (20.32) | 4996 (19.18) | 5587 (21.45) | 0.056 | 6511 (20.79) | 3246 (20.73) | 3265 (20.85) | 0.003 |
| Ischemic stroke | 7611 (14.61) | 2296 (8.82) | 5315 (20.41) | 0.333 | 4419 (14.11) | 2009 (12.83) | 2410 (15.39) | 0.074 |
| ICH | 1402 (2.69) | 294 (1.13) | 1108 (4.25) | 0.194 | 682 (2.18) | 280 (1.79) | 402 (2.57) | 0.053 |
| CKD | 10,996 (21.11) | 3700 (14.21) | 7296 (28.01) | 0.343 | 6890 (22.00) | 3268 (20.87) | 3622 (23.13) | 0.055 |
| ESRD | 4579 (8.79) | 1641 (6.30) | 2938 (11.28) | 0.177 | 3055 (9.75) | 1488 (9.50) | 1567 (10.01) | 0.017 |
| COPD | 14,530 (27.89) | 4175 (16.03) | 10,355 (39.76) | 0.549 | 8446 (26.97) | 3827 (24.44) | 4619 (29.50) | 0.114 |
| Asthma | 5146 (9.88) | 1580 (6.07) | 3566 (13.69) | 0.258 | 3120 (9.96) | 1425 (9.10) | 1695 (10.82) | 0.058 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1628 (3.13) | 537 (2.06) | 1091 (4.19) | 0.123 | 973 (3.11) | 452 (2.89) | 521 (3.33) | 0.025 |
| Peptic ulcers | 11,647 (22.36) | 4148 (15.93) | 7499 (28.79) | 0.313 | 7005 (22.37) | 3359 (21.45) | 3646 (23.28) | 0.044 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 10,413 (19.99) | 3603 (13.83) | 6810 (26.15) | 0.312 | 6200 (19.80) | 2920 (18.65) | 3280 (20.95) | 0.058 |
| Malignancy | 38,867 (74.61) | 17,385 (66.75) | 21,482 (82.48) | 0.368 | 23,967 (76.53) | 11,798 (75.34) | 12,169 (77.71) | 0.056 |
| Medication history | ||||||||
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI | 25,877 (49.68) | 13,646 (52.39) | 12,231 (46.96) | 0.109 | 15,700 (50.13) | 7972 (50.91) | 7728 (49.35) | 0.031 |
| Beta-blocker | 21,847 (41.94) | 12,263 (47.08) | 9584 (36.80) | 0.210 | 12,833 (40.98) | 6581 (42.03) | 6252 (39.93) | 0.043 |
| Ivabradine | 60 (0.12) | 32 (0.12) | 28 (0.11) | 0.005 | 35 (0.11) | 19 (0.12) | 16 (0.10) | 0.006 |
| MRA | 8967 (17.21) | 3969 (15.24) | 4998 (19.19) | 0.105 | 5358 (17.11) | 2576 (16.45) | 2782 (17.77) | 0.035 |
| Statin | 12,876 (24.72) | 7818 (30.02) | 5058 (19.42) | 0.248 | 7471 (23.86) | 3883 (24.80) | 3588 (22.91) | 0.044 |
| Diuretics | 22,195 (42.61) | 8754 (33.61) | 13,441 (51.60) | 0.370 | 13,886 (44.34) | 6712 (42.86) | 7174 (45.81) | 0.059 |
| Digoxin | 6221 (11.94) | 2875 (11.04) | 3346 (12.85) | 0.056 | 3848 (12.29) | 1906 (12.17) | 1942 (12.40) | 0.007 |
| H-ISDN | 1050 (2.02) | 306 (1.17) | 744 (2.86) | 0.120 | 588 (1.88) | 271 (1.73) | 317 (2.02) | 0.022 |
| Antiplatelet | 24,805 (47.62) | 12,737 (48.90) | 12,068 (46.33) | 0.051 | 14,837 (47.38) | 7427 (47.43) | 7410 (47.32) | 0.002 |
| Anticoagulant | 4978 (9.56) | 2682 (10.30) | 2296 (8.82) | 0.050 | 3144 (10.04) | 1641 (10.48) | 1503 (9.60) | 0.029 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 5818 (11.17) | 2578 (9.90) | 3240 (12.44) | 0.081 | 3469 (11.08) | 1710 (10.92) | 1759 (11.23) | 0.010 |
| OHA | 14,164 (27.19) | 5921 (22.73) | 8243 (31.65) | 0.201 | 9067 (28.95) | 4442 (28.37) | 4625 (29.54) | 0.026 |
| Insulin | 7408 (14.22) | 1888 (7.25) | 5520 (21.19) | 0.408 | 4024 (12.85) | 1757 (11.22) | 2267 (14.48) | 0.097 |
| NSAID | 13,371 (25.67) | 6533 (25.08) | 6838 (26.25) | 0.027 | 8407 (26.84) | 4202 (26.83) | 4205 (26.85) | 0.000 |
| Steroid | 10,298 (19.77) | 3052 (11.72) | 7246 (27.82) | 0.413 | 5758 (18.39) | 2596 (16.58) | 3162 (20.19) | 0.093 |
| Colchicine | 3082 (5.92) | 1323 (5.08) | 1759 (6.75) | 0.071 | 1876 (5.99) | 914 (5.84) | 962 (6.14) | 0.013 |
ASMD absolute standardized mean difference, MI myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy, ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, ICH intracerebral hemorrhage, CKD chronic kidney disease, ESRD end-stage renal disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, ARNI angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, H-ISDN hydralazine–isosorbide dinitrate, OHA oral hypoglycemic agents, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.