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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 29.
Published in final edited form as: Life Sci. 2021 Mar 31;278:119454. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119454

Table 3.

Kansas GWI Case definition symptoms by Gulf War deployment status.

Domain Symptom Deployed
(n = 849)
Did not deploy
(n = 267)
aOR 95% CI


(%) (%)

Fatigue/sleep problems Fatigue 69.0 55.1 1.95 (1.45, 2.61)
Feeling unwell after exercise 43.6 29.6 2.01 (1.48, 2.73)
Difficulty getting to or staying asleep 75.1 62.2 1.91 (1.41, 2.58)
Not feeling rested after sleep 76.7 64.8 1.83 (1.34, 2.50)
Pain Pain in joints 82.4 76.8 1.48 (1.05, 2.08)
Pain in muscles 64.7 56.2 1.49 (1.12, 1.99)
Body pain where you hurt all over 43.6 37.1 1.37 (1.02, 1.84)
Neurologic/cognitive/mood Difficulty remembering recent information 58.0 44.6 1.76 (1.33, 2.34)
Feeling irritable or having angry outbursts 57.0 43.8 1.74 (1.30, 2.33)
Numbness or tingling in extremities 63.7 50.9 1.74 (1.31, 2.31)
Headaches 54.2 44.6 1.51 (1.13, 2.03)
Eyes very sensitive to light 45.5 35.6 1.57 (1.17, 2.11)
Trouble finding words when speaking 51.8 44.6 1.37 (1.03, 1.82)
Feeling down or depressed 53.9 39.3 2.00 (1.49, 2.70)
Difficulty concentrating 57.4 40.4 2.08 (1.56, 2.78)
Night sweats 43.2 35.2 1.44 (1.07, 1.93)
Feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or faint 45.2 34.1 1.62 (1.21, 2.17)
Low tolerance for heat or cold 39.2 32.6 1.46 (1.08, 1.98)
Symptoms in response to smells or chemicals 27.6 16.5 2.02 (1.41, 2.91)
Blurred or double vision 38.5 28.8 1.60 (1.18, 2.18)
Tremors or shaking 26.1 17.6 1.70 (1.19, 2.43)
Gastro-intestinal Diarrhea 33.7 27.3 1.33 (0.98, 1.82)
Nausea or upset stomach 36.9 29.2 1.44 (1.05, 1.96)
Abdominal pain or cramping 34.4 27.0 1.47 (1.07, 2.01)
Respiratory Difficulty breathing 38.2 25.5 1.90 (1.39, 2.62)
Frequent coughing without a cold 33.9 25.5 1.59 (1.16, 2.18)
Wheezing in chest 25.1 19.9 1.41 (1.00, 1.99)
Skin Skin rash 37.5 23.2 2.05 (1.49, 2.82)
Other skin problems 35.5 21.7 2.11 (1.52, 2.93)

aOR = adjusted Odds Ratio for Gulf War deployed vs. nondeployed era veterans; CI = confidence interval.

Note: OR adjusted for adjusted for sex, education, income, and age.