Table 4.
Association of Gulf War illness case status-related measures with demographic and military characteristics, among veterans deployed to the 1990–91 Gulf War (n = 849).
| Kansas | CDC | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Symptom Criteria | GWI Case | GWI Case | Severe GWI Case | |||||
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| aOR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | |
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| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Female | 1.33 | (0.88, 2.01) | 1.41 | (0.99, 2.00) | 1.83 | (1.06, 3.15) | 1.35 | (0.92, 1.99) |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 40–49 years | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| 50–59 years | 0.91 | (0.62, 1.33) | 0.67 | (0.48, 0.93) | 0.87 | (0.54, 1.41) | 0.80 | (0.55, 1.16) |
| Over 60 years | 0.54 | (0.35, 0.81) | 0.23 | (0.15, 0.35) | 0.51 | (0.31, 0.84) | 0.63 | (0.41, 0.97) |
| Race/Ethnicitya | ||||||||
| White, not Hispanic | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Black, not Hispanic | 1.71 | (1.07, 2.75) | 1.11 | (0.74, 1.66) | 1.39 | (0.78, 2.46) | 1.70 | (1.09, 2.64) |
| Hispanic (any race) | 3.29 | (1.56, 6.94) | 2.10 | (1.26, 3.50) | 2.33 | (0.95, 5.70) | 3.40 | (2.02, 5.72) |
| Highest achieved education level | ||||||||
| Master’s degree, Professional degree, or Doctorate degree | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| High School diploma/GED or less | 0.92 | (0.49, 1.75) | 0.59 | (0.31, 1.10) | 1.04 | (0.48, 2.22) | 1.06 | (0.52, 2.15) |
| Some college to Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree | 1.45 | (0.97, 2.16) | 0.92 | (0.62, 1.35) | 1.40 | (0.87, 2.26) | 1.56 | (0.96, 2.54) |
| Household income | ||||||||
| $100,000 or more | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Under $30,000 | 2.41 | (1.28, 4.52) | 1.15 | (0.68, 1.96) | 1.38 | (0.67, 2.84) | 3.30 | (1.83, 5.94) |
| $30,000 – $59,999 | 3.24 | (1.96, 5.37) | 1.06 | (0.69, 1.61) | 2.63 | (1.41, 4.92) | 3.11 | (1.90, 5.09) |
| $60,000 – $99,999 | 1.43 | (0.96, 2.13) | 0.87 | (0.59, 1.27) | 1.60 | (0.97, 2.63) | 2.08 | (1.31, 3.32) |
| Unit component | ||||||||
| Active duty only | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Reserves only | 0.43 | (0.28, 0.66) | 0.68 | (0.45, 1.04) | 0.38 | (0.23, 0.64) | 0.39 | (0.22, 0.67) |
| Both active duty and reserves | 0.69 | (0.46, 1.03) | 0.82 | (0.56, 1.20) | 0.59 | (0.36, 0.96) | 1.09 | (0.73, 1.63) |
| Service branch | ||||||||
| Air Force only | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Army only | 1.73 | (1.01, 2.97) | 1.05 | (0.64, 1.72) | 2.28 | (1.20, 4.35) | 2.05 | (1.12, 3.75) |
| Navy only | 0.77 | (0.42, 1.40) | 0.82 | (0.46, 1.45) | 0.75 | (0.38, 1.49) | 1.10 | (0.54, 2.22) |
| Marine Corps only | 1.07 | (0.56, 2.02) | 1.03 | (0.56, 1.88) | 1.21 | (0.57, 2.57) | 1.60 | (0.77, 3.33) |
| National Guardb: All | 1.58 | (0.79, 3.17) | 1.11 | (0.58, 2.12) | 1.62 | (0.72, 3.64) | 1.83 | (0.85, 3.94) |
| VHA use in previous year | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 3.35 | (2.29, 4.91) | 1.20 | (0.87, 1.65) | 2.52 | (1.56, 4.06) | 2.94 | (2.05, 4.21) |
| Deployed to OIF/OEF | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| Yes | 0.81 | (0.55, 1.19) | 0.79 | (0.56, 1.13) | 0.76 | (0.48, 1.21) | 0.69 | (0.46, 1.04) |
aOR = adjusted Odds Ratio, compared to referent group; CI = confidence interval.
Note: OR adjusted for sex, education, income, service branch, unit component, and age.
a
Other racial/ethnic group not shown.
b
National Guard is not a service branch but was asked in conjunction with military branch questions.