Table 2.
Echocardiography data of all the groups
| Characteristics | Control (n = 50) | HFpEF without T2DM (n = 48) | HFpEF with T2DM (n = 51) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (mm) | 5.1 (IQR, 4.3–6.8) | 7.9 (IQR, 7.4–8.3)* | 8.8 (IQR, 8.6–8.9)*, † | < 0.001 |
| Interventricular septal thickness at end diastole (mm) | 7.5 (IQR, 6.6–8.2) | 10.2 (IQR, 9.3–10.6)* | 9.8 (IQR, 9.3–10.8)* | < 0.001 |
| Posterior wall thickness at end diastole (mm) | 7.6 (IQR, 6.6–8.3) | 10.2 (IQR, 9.4–10.6)* | 9.9 (IQR, 9.3–10.7)* | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 46.5 ± 1.8 | 45.8 ± 2.5 | 46.1 ± 2.6 | 0.304 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm) | 27.0 (IQR, 26.1–28.3) | 29.5 (IQR, 28.0–31.4)* | 28.5 (IQR, 26.9–30.6)* | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 57.4 ± 5.9 | 55.5 ± 7.5 | 57.4 ± 8.4 | 0.321 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 15.4 (IQR, 13.7–17.9) | 19.6 (IQR, 16.6–22.5)* | 18.5 (IQR, 16.2–22.2)* | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 74 (IQR, 67–77) | 64 (IQR, 59–69)* | 66 (IQR, 62–72)* | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial ejection fraction (%) | 58 (IQR, 57–61) | 48 (IQR, 45–52)* | 44 (IQR, 42–48)*, † | < 0.001 |
| SI (mL/m2) | 41.3 ± 6.3 | 35.7 ± 6.6* | 38.4 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 |
| CI (L/min/m2) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.5* | 2.6 ± 0.6* | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 79 (IQR, 70–90) | 116 (IQR, 104–125)* | 119 (IQR, 102–130)* | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 29 (IQR, 28–30) | 36 (IQR, 35–40)* | 35 (IQR, 33–38)* | < 0.001 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.32 (IQR, 0.29–0.36) | 0.44 (IQR, 0.42–0.47)* | 0.43 (IQR, 0.41–0.47)* | < 0.001 |
| E (cm/s) | 89.4 (IQR, 80.1–91.4) | 57.6 (IQR, 51.9–62.8)* | 59.8 (IQR, 53.1–66.4)* | < 0.001 |
| A (cm/sec) | 83.9 (IQR, 80.0–89.2) | 77.9 (IQR, 70.0–82.0)* | 79.2 (IQR, 69.6–88.2)* | < 0.001 |
| E/A | 1.02 (IQR, 1.00–1.06) | 0.79 (IQR, 0.71–0.86)* | 0.81 (IQR, 0.70–0.93)* | < 0.001 |
| DcT (cm/s) | 195 (IQR, 186–218) | 238 (IQR, 224–268)* | 229 (IQR, 218–249)* | < 0.001 |
| Lateral e′ (cm/s) | 10.9 (IQR, 10.7–11.2) | 5.2 (IQR, 3.9–6.2)* | 5.4 (IQR, 4.3–6.1)* | < 0.001 |
| Medial e′ (cm/s) | 8.7 (IQR, 6.7–10.0) | 2.8 (IQR, 2.4–3.6)* | 2.8 (IQR, 2.5–3.7)* | < 0.001 |
| Mean e′ (cm/s) | 9.7 (IQR, 8.7–10.4) | 3.9 (IQR, 3.2–4.9)* | 4.1 (IQR, 3.4–5.0)* | < 0.001 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 9.0 (IQR, 8.3–9.6) | 14.6 (IQR, 13.2–16.6)* | 14.7 (IQR, 13.7–16.0)* | < 0.001 |
| Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (m/s) | 2.2 (IQR, 2.1–2.3) | 2.9 (IQR, 2.6–3.1)* | 2.9 (IQR, 2.8–3.0)* | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (%) | −22.0 (IQR, −18.9– −23.2) | −15.0 (IQR, −16.4– −14.3)* | −14.9 (IQR, −16.1– −13.9)* | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial global longitudinal strain (%) | 35.0 (IQR, 32.8–38.8) | 31.9 (IQR, 30.5–33.8)* | 27.6 (IQR, 25.5–30.5)*, † | < 0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | ||||
| Mitral regurgitation volume (mL) | – | 30.6 (IQR, 12.3–31.4) | 30.5 (IQR, 16.4–31.3) | 0.807 |
| Effective regurgitant orifice area (cm2) | – | 0.23 (IQR, 0.10–0.24) | 0.22 (IQR, 0.14–0.27) | 0.272 |
| Mild (%) | – | 21 | 25 | 0.583 |
| Moderate (%) | – | 25 | 29 | 0.622 |
| Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg) | 29.3 (IQR, 27.4–32.6) | 43.1 (IQR, 40.4–48.4)* | 42.0 (IQR, 37.5–48.2)* | < 0.001 |
| Presence of concentric remodeling (%) | 0 | 77* | 75* | < 0.001 |
| Presence of eccentric hypertrophy (%) | 0 | 73* | 82* | < 0.001 |
| Presence of concentric hypertrophy (%) | 0 | 50* | 57* | < 0.001 |
Normal distribution data are expressed as means ± standard deviations, non-normal distribution data are expressed as medians, and nominal variables are expressed as percentages.
HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, IQR interquartile range, SI stroke volume index, CI cardiac output index, E peak early flow velocity, A Late diastolic flow velocity, E/A ratio of peak early and late diastolic flow velocities, DcT deceleration time, e′ peak early diastolic tissue velocity, E/e' ratio of the mitral inflow early diastolic velocity to the mean e′ velocity from the septal and lateral sides of the mitral annulus
*P < 0.05 vs the Control group
†P < 0.05 vs the HFpEF-without-T2DM group