Contribution of the microbiome for better phenotyping of people living with obesity

. 2023 Apr 29:1–32. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s11154-023-09798-1

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

This paper has been partly supported by funding to P.P. from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 722619 (FOIE GRAS), Grant Agreement No. 734719 (mtFOIE GRAS), Grant Regione Puglia, CUP H99C20000340002 (Fever Apulia), and Grant EUROSEEDS Uniba—S56—By-products Sustainable Recovery 4 Health (BSR-4H): University of Bari Aldo Moro, 2022. The project SYS-TEMIC “an integrated approach to the challenge of sustainable food systems: adaptive and mitigatory strategies to address climate change and malnutrition", Knowledge hub on Nutrition and Food Security, has received funding from national research funding parties in Belgium (FWO), France (INRA), Germany (BLE), Italy (MIPAAF), Latvia (IZM), Norway (RCN), Portugal (FCT), and Spain (AEI) in a joint action of JPI HDHL, JPI-OCEANS and FACCE-JPI launched in 2019 under the ERA-NET ERA-HDHL (n° 696295). PP is grant recipient in Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.3—Call for tender No. 341 of 15/03/2022 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU Award Number: Project code PE0000003, Concession Decree No. 1550 of 11/10/2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP D93C22000890001, Project title “Research and innovation network on food and nutrition Sustainability, Safety and Security – Working ON Foods” (ONFoods). The authors are indebted to the Consortium of Mediterranean Universities (CMU), Bari (www.cmungo.eu) for helpful discussion. The figures were partly generated by using materials from Servier Medical Art (Servier) under consideration of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

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Fig. 8 — Systemic effects of bile acid (BA) as signalling molecules on the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in targets tissues. Binding of BA to GPBAR-1 activates the stimulatory G α protein which, in turn, triggers adenylate cyclase (AC) activation and cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. For the GPBAR-1, the rank order of potency of BA is TLCA > TDCA > TCDCA > TCA. Systemic effect following GPBAR-1 activation occur in the intestine via secretion of the incretin GLP-1, GLP-2, PYY. Additional effects are documented in the pancreas, brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, macrophages, and Kupffer cells (in the liver). The combination of GPBAR-1 stimulation likely prevent/modulate the expression of several metabolic abnormalities, including obesity. Of note, multiple pathways operate in this complex scenario which involve microbiome eubiosis/dysbiosis, BA type and pool profile, and distinct effects on GPBAR-1. **Abbreviations**: cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DIO2, type II iodothyronine deiodinase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PYY, peptide YY; T3, active thyroid hormone; T4, inactive thyroxine; TCA, taurocholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid; TLCA, taurolithocholic acid. (+) activation; (-) inhibition. After [117]

Fig. 8.