Table 2.

Derivation of the Five Constitutive Elements of Mental Labor Based on the Terms and Definitions Used in the Articles

Terms and Definitions	Authors	Constitutive Element
- Thinking - Remembering - Knowing - Deciding - Encoding and storage of information - Process information - Retention - Recalling - Retrieval - Reflecting - Cognitive work/ labor	Ahn et al., 2017; Czymara et al., 2021; Daminger, 2019; Dean et al., 2022; Faircloth, 2021; Harrington & Reese-Melancon, 2022; Hjálmsdóttir & Bjarnadóttir, 2021; Kimport, 2018; Lee & Waite, 2005; Moulton-Tetlock et al., 2019; Niedźwieńska & Zielińska, 2021; Offer, 2014; Robertson et al., 2019; Schilperoort, 2021; Treas & Tai, 2012; Walzer, 1996	Cognition
- Planning - Organizing - Coordinating - Delegating - Monitoring - Managing - Orchestrating - Allocating tasks - Instructing - Scheduling - Maintaining control - Being responsible	Alby et al., 2014; Bach & Aarseth, 2016; Christopher, 2021; Ciciolla & Luthar, 2019; Coltrane, 1989; Czymara et al., 2021; Daly, 2002; Daminger, 2019; Dean et al., 2022; DeGroot & Vik, 2020; Faircloth, 2021; Forssén & Carlstedt, 2008; Hjálmsdóttir & Bjarnadóttir, 2021; Kimport, 2018; Kincaid, 2021; Mederer, 1993; Meier et al., 2006; Moore, 2017; Offer, 2014; Offer & Schneider, 2011; Schilperoort, 2021; Treas & Tai, 2012; Walzer, 1996; Winkler & Ireland, 2009; Zimmermann et al., 2002	Management
- Other-directed - Collective goals - Communal goals - Family needs / activities - For all in the family - Assisting others - Help partners - Provide mnemonic support for others	Ahn et al., 2017; Bass, 2015; Alby et al., 2014; Daly, 2002; Harrington & Reese-Melancon, 2022; Hjálmsdóttir & Bjarnadóttir, 2021; Kincaid, 2021; Moulton-Tetlock et al., 2019; Niedźwieńska & Zielińska, 2021; Offer, 2014; Offer & Schneider, 2011; Robertson et al., 2019	Communal orientation
- Anticipating - Thinking ahead - Foresight - Future-directed - Precedes physical work - Perceiving future problems and upcoming necessities - Prospective memorizing	Alby et al., 2014; Bass, 2015; Ciciolla & Luthar, 2019; Czymara et al., 2021; Daminger, 2019; Harrington & Reese-Melancon, 2022; Hjálmsdóttir & Bjarnadóttir, 2021; Moulton-Tetlock et al., 2019; Niedźwieńska & Zielińska, 2021	Anticipation
- Often invisible - Often goes unnoticed - Difficult to detect/ measure - Less tangible - Performed internally - Not necessarily perceived as work by the person performing it	Alby et al., 2014; Dean et al., 2022; Faircloth, 2021; Forssén & Carlstedt, 2008; Harrington & Reese-Melancon, 2022; Hjálmsdóttir & Bjarnadóttir, 2021; Mederer, 1993; Schilperoort, 2021; Walzer, 1996; Zimmermann et al., 2002	Invisibility