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Mechanisms of AP4A synthesis and degradation. (A) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases produce AP4A in two concerted SN2 reactions, which are dependent on a divalent cation (brown circle). (B) Widespread and versatile Nudix hydrolases degrade AP4A. The Escherichia coli Nudix hydrolase RppH harbors three Mg2+ ions, catalyzing the reaction by selective activation of the γ-phosphate.
