Table 2.
Adipose tissue and clinical characteristics of included female patients
| Variables | Total female (n = 362) |
Non-VO group (n = 196) |
VO group (n = 166) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.81 ± 10.21 | 57.19 ± 10.61 | 60.72 ± 9.38 | 0.001 |
| DM duration (years) | 9.76 ± 7.39 | 9.67 ± 7.54 | 9.87 ± 7.23 | 0.803 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.88 ± 3.59 | 23.08 ± 2.77 | 27.01 ± 3.29 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.34 ± 21.01 | 132.29 ± 20.81 | 141.13 ± 20.29 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.21 ± 12.09 | 74.95 ± 11.29 | 79.87 ± 12.49 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 127.60 ± 21.31 | 124.96 ± 22.86 | 130.70 ± 18.93 | 0.011 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 50.88 ± 13.52 | 48.81 ± 13.13 | 53.29 ± 13.62 | 0.002 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.52 ± 6.28 | 5.74 ± 8.48 | 5.27 ± 1.29 | 0.479 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.37 (0.96,2.00) | 1.14 (0.81,1.57) | 1.83 (1.27,2.66) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.91 ± 1.21 | 4.87 ± 1.21 | 4.96 ± 1.21 | 0.520 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.28 | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 1.16 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.95 ± 0.91 | 2.94 ± 0.86 | 2.95 ± 0.96 | 0.905 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.84 ± 4.58 | 42.55 ± 4.62 | 43.18 ± 4.52 | 0.199 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 16.15 (11.90,24.68) | 15.50 (11.10,20.38) | 16.90 (12.50,27.78) | 0.016 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.21 ± 1.18 | 4.19 ± 1.21 | 4.23 ± 1.15 | 0.746 |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.61 ± 3.25 | 15.49 ± 3.28 | 15.75 ± 3.22 | 0.455 |
| TSH (pmol/L) | 3.01 ± 3.83 | 3.01 ± 4.49 | 3.02 ± 2.87 | 0.991 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.21 ± 2.24 | 9.15 ± 2.32 | 9.29 ± 2.13 | 0.569 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 10.05 ± 4.33 | 9.57 ± 4.36 | 10.61 ± 4.25 | 0.023 |
| TyG index | 9.27 ± 0.78 | 9.01 ± 0.71 | 9.59 ± 0.73 | < 0.001 |
| VAA (cm2) | 116.10 ± 57.73 | 74.08 ± 27.15 | 165.72 ± 42.98 | < 0.001 |
| SAA (cm2) | 153.51 ± 60.79 | 129.17 ± 46.99 | 182.24 ± 62.79 | < 0.001 |
| VSR | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 0.63 ± 0.31 | 1.01 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
| VAD (HU) | -89.86 ± 8.60 | -85.39 ± 8.02 | -95.13 ± 5.86 | < 0.001 |
| SAD (HU) | -97.6 ± 6.20 | -95.95 ± 6.39 | -99.56 ± 5.38 | < 0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 8 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 210 (58.2) | 93 (47.7) | 117 (70.5) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 165 (45.6) | 69 (35.2) | 96 (57.8) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs (%) | 333 (92.0) | 179 (91.3) | 154 (92.8) | 0.699 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors (%) | 20 (5.5) | 8 (4.1) | 12 (7.2) | 0.249 |
| GLP-1RAs (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.459 |
| Insulin (%) | 173 (47.8) | 93 (47.4) | 80 (48.2) | 0.916 |
| Thiazolidinediones (%) | 31 (8.6) | 15 (7.7) | 16 (9.6) | 0.573 |
| Statin drugs (%) | 78 (21.6) | 35 (17.9) | 43 (25.9) | 0.073 |
| Fibrates (%) | 9 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (3.0) | 0.738 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 127 (35.1) | 47 (24.0) | 80 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
Abreviations: DM duration, diabetes mellitus duration; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SGLT-2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs, glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists