Table 1.

Cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure: key areas for future research/evidence generation and health policy

Evaluation of the potential benefits/harms of home, digitally supported, and hybrid models of cardiac rehabilitation delivery in terms of factors that are related to heart failure patients, clinicians, and other factors such as legal and ethical issues, interoperability/technical issues, and systems of reimbursement. Evaluation of the potential benefits/harms of cardiac rehabilitation in wider population of heart failure patients, including HFpEF, HFmrEF, and subgroups often underrepresented in trials: women, ethnic minorities, those with multimorbidity, and/or groups that typically do not access cardiac rehabilitation. Integration of cardiac rehabilitation alongside existing services including heart failure management programmes, self-management strategies, palliative care, etc. and how these intersect with patient preferences and disease trajectory and stage of disease. Reducing the inequality in the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation, including the cultural adaption of programmes for ethnic minority groups and other ‘hard-to-reach’ populations.