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. 2023 Apr 17;14:1160616. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160616

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Copyright © 2023 Rajkovic, Novakovic, Grujic-Milanovic, Ydyrys, Ablaikhanova, Calina, Sharifi-Rad and Al-Omari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential mechanisms of anticancer effects of calotropin in breast malignant tumor. Calotropin inhibits Ca2+ efflux via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, increasing intracellular Na+ and Ca2+, triggering apoptosis. Calotropin also induces apoptosis and cell death in tumour cells by disintegrating DNA and arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. It also increases Bax/Bak1 expression and significantly reduces Bcl-2 expression, so this Bax/Bcl-2 ratio plays an important role in determining apoptosis. Symbols: ↑increase, ↓decrease.